我国人力资本参与企业收益分配的制度分析

本文认为静态地、抽象地分析企业中人力资本所有权和物质资本所有权谁占支配地位抑或平等是没有意义的。在企业中，人力资本个人收益与企业的总体收益有不同的取向，而非简单地转换。人力资本需要“自己给自己定价”，即靠自身的才干、贡献大小通过有效的机制确定自己从企业收益和剩余收益中分割的多少。因此，设计能够释放人力资本能动性的产权制度和企业治理结构，是中国企业缩小与国外的劳动生产率差距、提高竞争力、加快创新的必然要求。     

Tax policy in the presence of emigration

This paper investigates the relationship between utilitarianism and horizontal equity in models of income taxation in particular and self-selection in general. An example involving well-behaved individual preferences is constructed in which a maximization of a utilitarian social welfare function leads via income taxation to horizontal inequities. Sufficient conditions for utilitarianism to bring horizontal equity are derived. The results are applied to the question of whether income tax credits are an appropriate way to treat differences in family size.     

中国医疗保险制度改革中的公平性研究——以威海为例

本文评估了中国医疗保险改革中一种具有普遍意义的模式—威海模式的公平性。首先 ,通过计算基尼系数、集中系数、Atkinson度量以及自定义的Iloss度量对卫生服务利用的不平等和筹资不平等进行总体描述。然后 ,通过多元回归分析 ,对影响卫生服务利用的因素进行分析。在此基础上 ,通过直接标准化方法 ,探讨收入所影响的卫生服务利用的不平等。最后 ,本文对筹资制度对再分配造成的冲击进行了分析。本研究发现 ,威海模式改善了收入影响的不平等 ,但其它因素影响变化各异。改革后筹资不平等有所改善 ,但筹资系统的再分配效应加大了收入不平等 ,改革前后这种效应的变化大小依赖于风险厌恶程度。     

Comprehensive Income Measures, Housing Equity, and Tax-Transfer Effects

Cash income is widely recognised as a deficient measure of income, as it takes no account of the contribution of net worth to consumption potential. Housing equity is a particularly important component of net worth. Comprehensive income measures incorporate housing equity by adding its annuitized value to cash income. However, such an approach fails to take into account adverse tax-transfer effects on conversion of housing equity. As such, the contribution of housing equity to potential consumption is significantly exaggerated. A net comprehensive income measure, which directly incorporates the tax-transfer effects from housing equity conversion, is introduced. Simulation exercises are conducted, to demonstrate the importance of taking into account tax-transfer effects when measuring the comprehensive income of those homeowner income units in receipt of government pensions and benefits.     

30年来中国收入分配原则改革的回顾与前瞻—一项基于公平与效率双重标准的历史研究

基于中央文件对公平与效率侧重点的不同,改革开放以来中国收入分配原则的演变顺次经历了从增长目标向和谐目标转变的5个不同阶段,这种演进既反映了高层决策者因势利导的政策导向,也是对公平与效率之间关系的正确回归。作为分配制度的重要组成部分,分配依据、分配结构、分配过程和分配秩序或多或少地存在着公平与效率因素,扬长避短,中国收入分配原则的未来取向应定位于实现社会财富的最大化和财富分配的公平化。     

Impact of Taxes and Benefits on Inequality among Groups of Income Units

This paper analyzes the redistributive impact of the fiscal system and simultaneously explains how each tax and benefit instrument satisfies the principles of vertical and horizontal equity within and across different groups of income units. The decompositions of the redistributive effect are based on new axioms concerning the vertical and horizontal equity of the overall fiscal system, including taxes and benefits. The method is based on pairwise comparisons of income units and the “micro” concepts of income supremacy change, deprivation from reranking, and income distance change. The decomposition results provide more detailed insights into the income redistribution process than is typical in the literature. This is illustrated by an empirical application of the method to the Croatian scheme of personal income taxes and non‐pension social benefits, in which households are divided into two groups, those with and those without children.     

Inequity in American Schools: A New Perspective on the Distributional Effects of School Expenditures on Economic Well‐Being

This article explores how inequities in public K‐12 school spending impact the distribution of economic well‐being across American households with public school students in 1989 and 2000. Adapting concepts from the public finance literature, I explore the impact of school spending on the vertical and horizontal equity and its impact relative to other types of public spending on social programs and taxation. Conventionally, vertical equity refers to the size of the income gaps between households. Horizontal equity refers to the ranking of households along the income distribution with any change in ranks producing horizontal inequity. My main findings show that school spending, when converted into a component of income, served to reduce extended‐income inequality through improvements in vertical equity without the discriminatory implications of exacerbating horizontal inequity across households. Additionally, this impact was at least as large as that of spending on other social programs. This finding bolsters standard arguments for equity and progressivity of school finance across students.     

从契约设计角度看中国私募证券基金企业创新发展的路径选择——通过比较分析公司制与有限合伙制私募企业的激励机制

按特定组织形式组建的私募企业具有特定的内部收益分配制度,而受益分配制度的设置实际上是一种契约设计,反映了基金投资人对基金管理人的激励特征。结合目前中国私募证券基金在组织形式上的创新需求,可以利用契约理论,对可供参考的两类私募企业组织形式:公司制与有限合伙制企业的收益分配制度所对应的契约激励机制进行比较分析,为中国私募证券基金在组织形式上的创新路径选择提供参考。     

非利息收入对银行业绩效影响的实证研究——基于中国银行业2000—2010年面板数据分析

本文将非利息收入种类数和非利息收入占营业收入比作为非利息收入的两个衡量指标,并将其纳入非利息收入对银行绩效影响的模型中。基于我国14家股份制商业银行2000-2010年财务数据的实证研究发现,无论是非利息收入种类数,还是非利息收入占营业收入比,都与银行业绩效显著负相关。银行业绩效的提升更多的来自于银行规模的增大、股东权益资产的增加以及银行的上市。     

INCOME DISTRIBUTION AND REDISTRIBUTION: A MICRODATA ANALYSIS FOR SEVEN COUNTRIES

This paper reports the detailed results of a comparison of the distribution and redistribution of income in seven countries using the Luxembourg Income Study (LIS) database. Use of LIS facilitates comparisons of inequality in respect to similarly-defined variables, permits methodological alternatives to be used, and allows the countries to be compared on aspects of income ranking and policy equity in ways not otherwise possible.
The results indicate a pattern of inequality in which Sweden is the most equal, followed by Norway, the U.K. and Canada, while among the less equal countries Israel is generally more equal than Germany-or the USA., whose relative inequality depends on the measure chosen. Use of the LIS database also allows a more detailed explanation of these results, noting, for example, the role of cash benefits in increasing equality in Sweden and the U.K., and in aiding the bottom quintile in Germany; and the important part played by self-employment income in contributing to the high top quintile shares in Germany and Israel, and in rendering the Norwegian distribution less equal than that of its Scandinavian neighbour.
The wealth of the database, however, means that methodological issues need to be treated both more explicitly and more carefully than is possible with more restrictive data. To interpret the data also requires a considerable degree of knowledge about the institutional features of tax and social provisions in each country, so that an income microdatabase could usefully be completed by one focused on the details of such provisions.     

关于个税起征点的研究

本文提供了一种方法,即通过数值模拟,考察了个人所得税起征点和劳动就业率、社会公平以及社会福利水平的相互关系。本文以搜寻和匹配模型为基础,根据我国目前个人所得税制度中对分级税率和税级距的设定,通过数值模拟的方法计算了合理的个人所得税起征点。计算结果显示:(1)中国的个人所得税起征点仍有一定的提升空间,但空间并不大。(2)提高起征点可以增加就业,若将起征点由2000元提高到2800元,就业率可以提高两个百分点。但起征点从2800元再继续提高,对就业的促进作用就微乎其微了。(3)提高个人所得税起征点在一定程度上损害了社会公平。因此,要兼顾社会公平,个人所得税起征点不宜过高。我国的个人所得税改革不应该强调起征点,以家庭作为课税单位才是个人所得税改革的重点和方向。     

兼顾公平与效率 促进经济社会和谐发展

为了平抑收入差距急剧扩大的趋势,克服社会公平与经济增长相悖现象,必须关注社会公平。有鉴于此,应实行兼顾公平与效率的发展战略,替代“效率优先,兼顾公平”的增长理念。即应实行以人为本的公平与增长并重的发展战略,促进经济社会和谐发展。     

Optimal Nonlinear Income Taxation and Heterogeneous Preferences

An attempt is made to find a nonlinear optimal income taxation structure for the Japanese income taxation system, assuming that individuals have heterogeneous preferences between income and leisure. Attention is paid to the horizontal equity considerations and the implications for income as distinguished between skilled and unskilled labour.
JEL Classification Numbers: H20, H55, I31.     

法人财产制与居民收入差距:需要明确的问题

是否应当调整法人财产收益以缩小我国持续拉大的居民收入差距,这在理论界存在着一定争议.从法人财产的基本内涵入手,通过剖析法人财产制在收入分配过程中的实际作用,对优化我国收入分配体系,缩小居民收入差距提供了一个总体的思路.我们认为,法人财产源自于生产的社会化需求和市场经济的基本运作规律,并具有相当的效率优势,与收入分配公平间并不存在直接的冲突,因此,调整法人财产来缩小居民收入差距不仅不具备理论合理性,也缺乏现实可行性.缩小我国居民收入差距的正确路径是:完善法人财产制,强化再分配和三次分配,优化配套制度.     

效率与公平兼顾的最优所得税:理论框架及最优税率估计

最优所得税主要探讨税收如何兼顾公平与效率问题,以及给定公平偏好程度下,如何确定最优边际税率水平。即使在崇尚罗尔斯社会福利函数的社会里,政府同时兼顾再分配和财政收入目标的基础上,只要略加考虑税收对劳动供给的效应,哪怕是微弱的考虑和兼顾,最高边际税率都不会达到100%。而且,借鉴斯特恩最优线性所得税模型及美国个人所得税制度,估计我国现行个人所得税最高边际税率还可以适当降低到36%左右。     

REINVESTED EARNINGS IN THE NATIONAL ACCOUNTS

The paper raises three questions. Firstly, is it warranted that a significant part of primary (property) income is not shown in the national accounts as being distributed to the owners of the assets to which it accrues but ends up as capital gains in the revaluation account? Secondly, why has the SNA chosen not to record reinvested earnings of corporations as flows of property income with the exception of foreign direct investment, and thirdly why the asymmetrical recording of stock investments constituting more than 10 percent of equity capital depending on whether domestic or foreign transactions are concerned? Reinvested earnings on domestic equity investment above 10 percent of a corporation are not recorded as property income in the system. The paper looks at these three questions from the perspective of the analytical uses of national accounts. The consequences for the analysis of income distribution both between nations and within nations are examined.     

WHY HAVE U.S. HOUSEHOLDS INCREASINGLY RELIED ON MUTUAL FUNDS TO OWN EQUITY?

U.S. households have increasingly used mutual funds to own equity outside of retirement accounts owing to two developments. The first is a decline in equity mutual fund loads, which are negatively correlated with stock ownership rates, which have doubled owing to greater ownership through mutual funds. The second is improved confidence in future family finances. Both effects are consistent with recent models of equity participation, in which lower asset transfer costs and lower income risk induce equity investing by middle‐income households, who—in practice and owing to diversification considerations—are more likely to indirectly hold stocks through mutual funds.     

从税收公平角度看我国个人所得税制的全面性改革

公平原则是各国税制建立的基本出发点和基本原则。公平的个人所得税制将可以充分发挥其调节收入公平分配的独特功能。然而,由于在税制模式、税率结构、费用扣除和税收征管等方面的缺陷,导致我国现行个人所得税制的公平缺失非常严重。因此,必须对个人所得税制进行全面性改革,即通过转变税制模式、科学设计税率结构、合理规定费用扣除标准和完善税收征管等方面的改革,提高其公平性,以有效发挥其调节功能,实现社会公平目标。     

Carbon Lorenz curves

The purpose of this paper is twofold. First, it exhibits that standard tools in the measurement of income inequality, such as the Lorenz curve and the Gini-index, can successfully be applied to the issues of inequality measurement of carbon emissions and the equity of abatement policies across countries. These tools allow policy-makers and the general public to grasp at a single glance the impact of conventional distribution rules such as equal caps or grandfathering, or more sophisticated ones, on the distribution of greenhouse gas emissions. Second, using the Samuelson rule for the optimal provision of a public good, the Pareto-optimal distribution of carbon emissions is compared with the distribution that follows if countries follow Nash–Cournot abatement strategies. It is shown that the Pareto-optimal distribution under the Samuelson rule can be approximated by the equal cap division, represented by the diagonal in the Lorenz curve diagram.     

中国居民收入分配差距扩大现状、原因与对策

深化分配制度改革,缩小收入差距,实现真正的共同富裕是实现中国经济可持续发展的重要问题之一.改革开放以来我国经济社会发展的现实说明居民收入差距有不断扩大的趋势.既有受教育程度、技能水平、就业机会的不均等,也有经济结构变化、经济政策变化、市场机制等方面的原因.在此基础上,提出了缩小收入差距,实现共同富裕的具体对策是:发展教育和经济,扩大就业;坚持就业优先和兼顾公平相结合的分配原则;切实增加农民收入;规范市场竞争秩序,强化收入分配制度改革,完善最低工资保障制度等.