家庭农场经营效率及其差异分析*——基于山东234个示范家庭农场的调查

[目的]文章通过对山东省家庭农场经营效率的实证分析,旨在厘清技术、规模对农场经营效率的促进作用,通过比较分析找出各类型家庭农场短板,针对性地提出政策建议。[方法]以山东234个家庭农场数据为例,运用DEA模型对家庭农场全样本及纯种植、种养结合、种植兼休闲、种养兼休闲4类家庭农场的经营效率进行了测算和分解。[结果]首先,家庭农场综合技术效率仅为0. 170,纯技术效率和规模效率分别为0. 235和0. 786,规模效率相对充分纯技术效率不足是经营效率较低的主要原因;其次,种养结合类农场发展势头较好,纯种植类家庭农场发展滞后且综合技术效率和纯技术效率最低,种养兼休闲类农场的规模效率最低。[结论] 4类农场差异明显,应降低生产技术使用门槛,引导农场主参加职业教育,提升纯种植类农场纯技术效率,同时出台相关政策,实现土地流转的降费提效,改善种养兼休闲类农场规模效率。     

Measuring financial performance on dairy farms

The motivation for this paper was to improve the information provided by the extension service for dairy farming. Databases as the Norwegian Dairy Financial Recording (NDFR) are commonly used for comparative analysis of farms. In the present paper, the problems related to these comparisons are discussed. Four different measures of financial performance are presented. The measures are; the gross margin, extended gross margin, and two different efficiency indexes based on use of data envelopment analysis (DEA). All four measures have advantages and disadvantages. The two gross margins are suitable for ranking farms when evaluating the impact of operative management variables, e.g., disease and miscellaneous welfare enhancing inputs on performance. However, efficiency indexes, which are estimated as ratios of actual and maximum output, given inputs, are more suitable when evaluating the impact of strategic management variables, e.g., concentrate or roughage per litre milk produced on performance.     

Heterogeneity of Long‐run Technical Efficiency of German Dairy Farms: A Bayesian Approach*

In parametric efficiency studies, two alternative approaches exist to provide an estimate of the long‐run efficiency of firms: the dynamic stochastic frontier model and the generalised true random‐effects model. We extend the former in order to allow for heterogeneity in the long‐run technical efficiency of firms. This model is based on potential differences in firm‐specific characteristics and in firms’ inefficiency persistence. The model is applied to an unbalanced micro‐panel of German dairy farms over the period 1999 to 2009. Estimation of long‐run technical efficiency and inefficiency persistence is based on an output distance function representation of the production technology and estimated in a Bayesian framework. The results suggest that heterogeneity in long‐run technical efficiency of farms is mostly attributed to discrepancies in farm‐specific factors rather than differences in farms’ inefficiency persistence. Farm size is positively related to long‐run technical efficiency while subsidies exert a negative effect on the long‐run technical efficiency of farms. Inefficiency persistence is found to be very high, but heterogeneity in this persistence is low.     

Is Input Mix Inefficiency Neglected in Agriculture? A Case Study of Pig‐based Farming Systems in England and Wales

The principal concern of this article is the relative importance of input mix as a source of inefficiency. Emphasis in efficiency analysis studies in agricultural production has historically focused on technical inefficiency as a single concept until methodological advances enabled it to be decomposed into pure technical inefficiency and scale inefficiency. But, this advance was insufficient to identify what we consider to be the major source of inefficiency in agricultural production, namely mix inefficiency. We consider that farm enterprises may be particularly susceptible to input mix inefficiency because of restrictions on movement around the frontier isoquant; delays in the adoption of improved technologies embodied in new vintages of production processes; risk as a source of friction in input allocation decisions; and the potential for inconsistency in simultaneously attempting to reach points of allocative efficiency and mix efficiency in input use. We use non‐parametric methods to calculate a Hicks–Moorsteen productivity index using panel data for a sample of specialised pig producers in England and Wales. This index is then decomposed into measures of technology, technical efficiency, scale efficiency and mix efficiency for an input orientation. Results of the analysis show that the estimated mean mix inefficiency (0.736) was substantially larger than mean technical inefficiency (0.975) and mean scale inefficiency (0.957) over the study period.     

Comparative Efficiency of Family and Corporate Farms: Does Family Labour Matter?

We examine the comparative efficiency of family relative to corporate farms, using FADN data for the Czech Republic, Hungary, Romania and Spain. We estimate a non‐parametric non‐separable farm production function, and derive efficiency scores for both family and corporate farms. We decompose efficiency into two distinct sources – organisational differences and management capabilities. We find evidence for organisational efficiency gains from family farming, relative to corporate farming, and these appear to increase with family involvement. However, with regard to management capabilities, family farms do not compare so favourably. Furthermore, family involvement does not seem to have any systematic effect on the efficiency derived from management capabilities. Our findings suggest that further investigation of the way family farms employ and build management capabilities is needed to substantiate any ‘superiority’ claims.     

中国农户原料奶生产经济效率分析

本研究利用笔者对黑龙江、山西、内蒙古、四川、天津、北京6个省（自治区、直辖市）702户奶牛养殖户的调查数据，采用随机边界函数方法，分析了农户原料奶生产的技术效率、配置效率及其各自的影响因素。估计结果表明：样本农户平均技术效率为73．18％，平均配置效率达到84．04％。在各种影响技术效率、配置效率的因素中，扩大饲养规模可以提高农户奶牛生产的技术效率以及配置效率，养牛时间越久，对技术效率、配置效率提高越有利；在奶牛饲喂中适当增加青粗饲料投入、调整精粗饲料配比，以及对农户进行相关培训则可以提高技术效率；而受教育程度仅对配置效率产生正向影响。结果还表明，在城市郊区的养牛农户的技术效率、配置效率均明显低于其他地区农户；黑龙江农户技术效率在1％水平上明显高于其他省（自治区、直辖市）农户；四川养牛农户技术效率在10％水平下高于其他地区农户；而山西农户不仅技术效率在1％水平上明显低于样本中其他地区农户，而且配置效率在5％显著水平上也低于样本中其他省（自治区、直辖市）农户奶牛养殖配置效率。     

A Parametric Approach to Estimating Eco‐Efficiency

The concept of eco‐efficiency is becoming increasingly popular as a tool to capture economic and environmental aspects of agricultural production. The literature to date has exclusively used the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) approach to measure producers’ eco‐efficiency. We show that it can also be estimated using a Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA) approach. Our approach not only allows controlling for random noise in the data but also permits an analysis of the potential substitutability between environmental pressures. We provide an empirical application of our model to data on a sample of Spanish dairy farms.     

中国北方大规模生猪养殖技术效率研究

[目的]通过对我国北方地区大规模生猪养殖技术效率进行测度,以期发现影响其技术效率增长的主要因素,为我国现阶段生猪养殖业战略性区划调整\"南猪北进\"工作提供实践指导和理论支持。[方法]根据随机前沿分析方法 (SFA)基本原理,运用对数型柯布—道格拉斯生产函数及我国北方大规模生猪养殖数据构建中国北方大规模生猪养殖随机前沿分析模型,对我国北方大规模生猪养殖技术效率进行测度并据此提出相关建议。[结果]北方地区大规模生猪养殖技术效率值纵向上来看整体在不断下降,而从地域上来看内蒙古自治区和东北地区技术效率值较高,北京与西北地区技术效率值较低。[结论]内蒙古自治区与东北地区适宜作为大规模生猪养殖承载地,与国家政策具有一致性;华北地区与西北地区大规模生猪养殖技术效率测度值较低,存在较大改进空间;针对该现状提出构建经济效益与环境保护并重的规模生态生猪养殖体系。     

溯源能力信任对养猪场户质量安全行为的影响——基于北京市6个区县183位养猪场户的调研

基于北京市6个区县的183份养猪场户调查问卷,调查了生猪养殖环节的质量安全状况,并运用二元Logit模型,定量分析了养猪场户对猪肉溯源能力的信任水平对其质量安全行为的影响。研究发现:北京市生猪养殖环节存在质量安全隐患,主要表现为养猪场户兽药使用不规范,40.44%的受访养猪场户的兽药使用行为不规范;溯源能力信任显著影响养猪场户的兽药使用行为,对猪肉溯源能力信任水平高的养猪场户的兽药使用行为相比信任水平低的养猪场户更加规范;另外,受访者为女性、规模养殖场、通过纵向协作更为紧密的模式销售生猪、对限用药规定认知度低、认为生猪收购方质量安全检测力度强的养猪场户的兽药使用行为更加规范。政府应继续猪肉可追溯体系建设、支持规模化和标准化养殖、鼓励纵向协作紧密型生猪购销模式、建立生猪收购商登记在案制度、加大对养猪场户不规范质量安全行为惩治力度。     

动物福利经济学研究现状及推进建议

动物福利不仅是伦理问题,还关系到食品安全,已成为重要的全球性议题。当前,社会对动物福利的关注已对动物产品的生产与消费、畜牧产业的发展以及国际贸易产生了重要的影响。在此背景下,从经济学视角对动物福利进行的研究也越来越丰富,成为农业经济学研究的重要领域,并逐步发展成为动物福利经济学。本文通过梳理现有研究,从动物福利的潜在效用、经济属性、市场需求、生产决策以及相应的改善政策等方面对动物福利经济学的研究进行了综述,并对推进我国该领域的研究提出相应建议,以期引起国内学者对该议题更多的关注与研究。     

转变生产消费方式诉求下的动物福利规制分析——基于防控新冠肺炎的思考

新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情给中国造成了重大生命健康和经济损失,也表明了合理利用与善待动物的重要性。中国已到了关注动物福利的发展阶段,改善动物福利水平不仅是保障食品安全、突破隐性贸易壁垒障碍的要求,更是促使人们改变生产与消费习惯,进而防范动物源性传染病疫情发生的要求。中国目前已有了对动物福利进行规制的民众基础,应进一步提升民众对动物福利的认知、加大对动物福利学理及国际规制趋向的研究。在此基础上制定有中国特色、长远引导、不断完善的与动物福利相关的法规、制度和政策,从而有效防范类似新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情的发生。     

Assessment and improvement of the efficiency of nitrogen use on commercial dairy farms

Nine dairy farmers participated in a project which ran over a four year period from 1997 to 2001, with the aim of improving nitrogen use efficiency (NE) and reducing nitrogen surpluses. Results from systems research and the disadvantages of large nitrogen losses and low NE to the economics of the farm business and the environment were outlined and possible mitigation strategies were discussed with the farmers during visits by a dairy consultant. Initial nitrogen use efficiency (nitrogen output/nitrogen input) ranged from 10% to 23% and nitrogen surplus from 259 to 785 kg N ha¹. During the project nitrogen efficiency improved by an average of 5.4% and nitrogen surpluses reduced by an average of 186 kg N ha¹. The largest changes in nitrogen output per hectare were due to changes in stocking rate rather than changes in milk yield per cow or milk protein content. Nitrogen input was dominated by nitrogen fertilizer input, which for farms applying more than 150 kg N ha¹accounted for between 41% and 85% of total nitrogen input. Reduction in mineral nitrogen fertilizer use was the main way that farmers improved nitrogen efficiency and reduced nitrogen surpluses.     

中国生猪养殖场种养一体化综合效益评价研究基于8省的实地调研

目的 种养分离的农业发展方式对生态环境造成严重破坏,是不可持续的发展方式,为重构种养一体化农业循环链条,促进农业健康可持续发展,通过实地调研,分析了中国生猪养殖场种养一体化现状,并从经济效益、社会效益和生态效益方面确定了14项综合效益评价指标,从实证角度对种养一体化农业系统的综合效益进行评价。方法 文章综合运用层次分析法和熵值法测算综合效益评价指标的权重,利用线性加权求和的方法对生猪养殖场种养一体化综合效益进行评价。结果 研究发现：在评价指标的权重方面,生态效益与社会效益的权重已经高于经济效益权重,说明当下社会更加注重生态和社会效益的发展;种养一体化农业系统的综合效益值明显高于非种养一体化,小、中、大规模的生猪养殖场种养一体化综合效益值分别是非种养一体化的1.16、1.20和1.17倍;综合效益值随养殖规模扩大呈现出先增加后减小的趋势,且养殖规模为1 300头左右时综合效益值最高。结论 虽然种养一体化农业系统的综合效益高于专业化农业生产,但在生猪养殖场种养一体化中仍然存在种养失衡、种养协作微弱等问题,尚未达到系统最优化,因此从种养平衡、养分管理体系建设、提高沼气工程利用率和优化种植结构方面提出对策建议。