世界转基因作物发展概述

一、转基因作物的定义转基因作物是利用组织培养技术的基因重组技术引入其它生物或物种的基因而培育出来的,这种作物也叫基因改育作物或基因重组作物。传统的育种方法是把两个品种杂交后再选优良的个体。这种方法对于改良作物品种虽然有效,但也存在很大的限制,即大多数作物之间不能杂交。杂交只能在同一种或同一属作物中进行。20世纪70年代出现的基因重组技术,使得动物或植物基因的交流范围扩大。目前,科学家们可以把微生物、动物或者人的基因转移到植物中去,甚至可以人工合成一个基因转移到植物中去。转基因作物在抗病毒、抗害虫、产量、品…     

世界转基因作物发展现状和趋势

自从1985年人类产处次试种能够抵御害虫、病毒和细菌侵害的转基因作物以来，全球共有40多个国家进行了25000次试种。1996年，世界转基因作物种植总面积仅为170万公顷，而到2000年就迅速增加至4420万公顷，占世界总耕地面积的2％。主要种植国家为美国（约占世界转基因作物种植总面积的71％）、加拿大（约占11％）、阿根廷（约占16％）和中国，其他国家则极少种植。目前，全球种植的主要转基因作物有4种，即玉米、棉花、大豆和加拿大菜籽。这4种转基因作物的种植面积1998所占全球转基因作物种植总面积的99％。其他转基因作物包括烟草、番木瓜、土豆、西红柿、亚麻、向日葵、香蕉和瓜菜类。从性能上区别，转基因作物分为4个种类：一是Bt作物，可抵御害虫的侵，减少杀虫剂的使用量。该种作物可产生一种对某些害虫有毒性的蛋白，这种蛋白存在于常见的土壤细菌芽孢杆菌属苏云金菌素（即Bt)之中；二是抗除草剂作物；三是抗疾病作物；四是营养增强型作物。     

转基因作物产业化与保障饲料粮供给安全研究

随着经济的发展、社会的进步,粮食供给问题的核心逐步由口粮问题转变为饲料粮问题。尽管存在种种问题,但是转基因技术仍为粮食安全以及饲料粮安全的有效保障提供了潜在的可能性。首先介绍中国转基因作物产业化的背景、转基因作物产业化的现状及趋势,进而分析国内转基因作物产业化与保障饲料粮供给安全的关系,最后对转基因作物产业化提出对策建议。     

法接受转基因作物

法国国民议会（议会下院）近日以微弱多数通过了一项旨在规范转基因作物种植和销售的法律草案,草案允许转基因作物在法国境内种植,但对此做出了一系列严格规定。该草案的通过表明,经过长期争论后,法国终于准备半开半掩地为转基因作物开门。     

全球转基因作物种植面积大幅增长

根据国际农业生物技术应用署于2003年1月月中旬发表的一份报告，全球转基因作物种植面积2002年达到1．45亿英亩，比2001年增长了12％，即增加了1500英亩。全球种植的大豆、玉米、棉花和卡诺拉油菜籽中有五分之一以上是转基因作物。2002年，全球共有16个国家近600     

全球转基因作物发展现状及趋势分析

在当前世界人口剧增、资源短缺和环境恶化的情况下,转基因作物是确保世界粮食安全的有效工具,受到越来越多国际组织和国家的高度重视。在多种因素的推动之下,全球转基因作物2008年继续保持强劲增长势头,预计到2015年得到更加广泛的推广。及时了解全球转基因作物发展现状和趋势,有助于结合实际国情,推进中国农业生物技术发展,造福于全国和全世界人民。     

中国转基因作物知识产权战略分析

本文基于《国家知识产权战略纲要》和转基因生物新品种培育科技重大专项全面实施的背景,分析了知识产权战略对促进转基因作物研发的作用机理与重要意义,并对中国转基因作物知识产权战略实施的研发主体、组织机制和研发目标动力进行国际比较研究。研究表明,企业主体参与不足、市场配置资源能力较弱、绩效评价对产业贡献关注不够等制约中国转基因作物知识产权战略实施,应从强化协同创新与应用、创建知识产权共享共用平台、推动核心技术知识产权国际化、培育企业研发主体和加强创新价值引导等方面完善中国转基因作物知识产权战略。     

我国转基因作物的发展现状及安全管理

转基因作物是当今世界各国现代生物技术产业研究的热点，中国的转基因生物技术发展迅速，由于科学界对转基因作物对人类及生态环境利与弊的争论，政府应制定相应的政策、措施对其进行安全管理。本文论述了转基因作物在国际国内的发展现状，分析了转基因作物对人类及生态环境的利与弊以及关于我国转基因作物安全管理的几点思考。     

我国转基因作物种植达到近300万公顷

在近日举行的首届中外农产品贮藏加工与食品安全科技大会上．中国农业大学食品学院院长罗云波．就我国转基因食品现状及其安全性进行了介绍。     

Genetically Modified Crops: Their Market and Welfare Impacts

A framework is developed for examining price and welfare effects of the introduction of genetically modified (GM) products. In the short run, non-GM grain generally becomes another identity-preserved product. However, more profound market effects are observed under some reasonable parameterizations. When calibrated to reflect the U.S. corn market, introducing GM technology increases aggregate welfare over a wide range of scenarios, unless the corresponding production cost savings are small and consumers are seriously concerned about GM products. The possibility that GM technology may reduce aggregate welfare is interesting because the model assumes rational agents and does not include regulatory constraints.     

Landscape Clubs: Co-existence of Genetically Modified and Organic Crops

The possibility of increased production of genetically modified (GM) crops in agriculture accentuates the need to examine the feasibility of GM and non‐GM technologies co‐existing on a common physical landscape. Using the theory of clubs, this paper examines the possibility of co‐existence for GM and organic wheat technologies through the formation of an organic club with an endogenously determined buffer zone. Given the available data on prices, and yields, it is shown that a club can be created in which GM and organic agricultural production technologies can economically co‐exist in the same physical landscape. Specifically, co‐existence results in an increase in economic welfare over a situation where only GM technology is used but is not Pareto superior because producers in the buffer zone will incur injury. We show that organic producers in the club can compensate producers in the buffer zone and still be better off. Hence, the compensation principle holds. La possibilité de production accrue de cultures génétiquement modifiées (GM) accentue la nécessité d'examiner la faisabilité de coexistence des technologies GM et non GM dans un même paysage agricole. À l'aide de la théorie des clubs, le présent article a examiné la possibilité de coexistence des technologies de culture de blé GM et de blé biologique en créant un club ?biologique? comprenant une zone tampon déterminée de façon endogène. Compte tenu des données disponibles concernant les prix et les rendements, il est montré qu'il est possible de créer un club au sein duquel les technologies de production de cultures biologiques et GM peuvent économiquement coexister dans un même paysage naturel. Spécifiquement, la coexistence engendre une augmentation du bien‐être économique par rapport à une situation où seule la technologie GM est utilisée, mais elle n'est pas Pareto supérieure parce que les producteurs dans la zone tampon subiront des dommages. Nous montrons que les producteurs de cultures biologiques membres du club peuvent indemniser les producteurs de la zone tampon tout en demeurant en bonne position. Le principe de compensation tient donc.     

农户、政府及转基因农产品——对我国农民转基因作物种植意向的分析

在过去的十多年里 ,农业转基因技术已经取得了举世瞩目的成绩。 2 0 0 0年 ,美国、阿根廷、加拿大和中国种植的转基因作物占全球转基因作物种植总面积的 99% ,依次居于前四位。值得注意的是 ,这 4个国家中 2个是发达国家 (美国和加拿大 )、2个是发展中国家 (阿根廷和中国 )。由于一些发展中国家已经种植了大面积的转基因作物 ,并且还呈现出不断增长的趋势 ,因此 ,对这些国家农民的种植意向进行考察就具有极其重大的现实意义。正是基于这一认识 ,笔者对我国农民转基因作物的种植意向做了问卷分析 ,以期得出有益于政府制定适当的产业政策的结…     

Farm-Level Economic Performance of Genetically Modified Cotton in Maharashtra, India

A study of the commercial growing of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) cotton in India, compares the performance of over 9,000 Bt and non-Bt cotton farm plots in Maharashtra over the 2002 and 2003 seasons. Results show that since their commercial release in 2002, Bt cotton varieties have had a significant positive impact on average yields and on the economic performance of cotton growers. Regional variation showed that, in a very few areas, not all farmers had benefited from increased performance of Bt varieties.     

Genetically Modified Crops and Product Differentiation: Trade and Welfare Effects in the Soybean Complex

A partial equilibrium four-region world trade model for the soybean complex is developed in which Roundup Ready (RR) products are weakly inferior substitutes to conventional ones, RR seeds are priced at a premium, and costly segregation is necessary to separate conventional and biotech products. Solution of the calibrated model illustrates how incomplete adoption of RR technology arises in equilibrium. The United States, Argentina, Brazil, and the Rest of the World (ROW) all gain from the introduction of RR soybeans, although some groups may lose. The impacts of RR production or import bans by the ROW or Brazil are analyzed. U.S. price support helps U.S. farmers, despite hurting the United States and has the potential to improve world efficiency.     

Determinants of Voter Support for a Five‐Year Ban on the Cultivation of Genetically Modified Crops in Switzerland

While much effort has been devoted to estimating market premiums for non‐genetically modified (GM) food, the results of such research are largely silent about the preferences for the public good aspects, or externalities, of GM food production. For public goods, the closest substitute of private consumption decisions is voting on referenda. In November 2005, 55.7% of 2 million Swiss voters approved a five‐year moratorium (ban) on the commercial cultivation of GM plants in Switzerland. The present study examines how individual voting decisions were determined by: (i) socioeconomic characteristics; (ii) political preference/ideology; and (iii) agreement with a series of arguments in favour and against the use of GM plants in Swiss agriculture. The analysis is based on the data of the regular voter survey undertaken after the national‐level voting in Switzerland. The results suggest that current concerns about the use of genetically engineered plants in agriculture may not automatically decrease with higher levels of education/knowledge and generational change. Furthermore, analysis of voter motives suggests that public support for a ban on GM crops may be even larger in other countries, where industrial interests in crop biotechnology are less pronounced.     

转基因食品的安全管理问题研究

进入21世纪以来,全球生物技术产业的年增长率高达30％左右,已成为增长最快的经济领域之一。过去10年,全球转基因农作物的种植面积增加了40倍,显示了巨大潜力和不可阻挡的发展趋势。但是,转基因技术的应用也引起了激烈的争论,本文介绍了两个有关案例,揭示了这种争论的焦点和原因。本文还比较分析了转基因食品安全管理的两大模式,即美国的宽松管理模式和欧盟的严格管理模式。转基因食品安全管理涉及到诸多利益相关者,本文探讨利益各方的诉求和表达机制。中国在转基因食品安全管理机构的组建以及相关法规的制订和颁布等方面已经取得了不小的成就,但是,还不能适应转基因技术的迅速发艮和产业化要求,存在不少需要改进的地方。     

Genetically Modified Crops, Corporate Pricing Strategies, and Farmers' Adoption: The Case of Bt Cotton in Argentina

This article analyzes adoption and impacts of Bt cotton in Argentina against the background of monopoly pricing. Based on survey data, it is shown that the technology significantly reduces insecticide applications and increases yields; however, these advantages are curbed by the high price charged for genetically modified seeds. Using the contingent valuation method, it is shown that farmers' average willingness to pay is less than half the actual technology price. A lower price would not only increase benefits for growers, but could also multiply company profits, thus, resulting in a Pareto improvement. Implications of the sub-optimal pricing strategy are discussed.