天保工程后黑龙江国有林区绿色就业规模影响因素分析

天然林资源保护工程实施后,国有林区林业第一、第三产业发展迅速,第二产业发展迟缓。林区传统就业形式逐渐过渡为绿色就业形式,绿色就业规模逐渐扩大,但是林区经济发展与绿色就业发展趋势并不匹配。基于天保工程后林区发展状况,以黑龙江省国有林区为研究对象,运用多元线性回归分析方法,分析制约林区绿色就业规模发展的因素,主要包括林业产业发展不均衡、职工受教育程度不足和缺乏绿色技术人才以及资金和法律保障不足。针对以上问题,提出了发展新型绿色产业、提高职工受教育程度和绿色技能水平、加强金融资金和法律保障的对策建议。     

试论林区及其林区经济概念的确立和意义

<正> 长期以来,人们都是把林业与林区、林业经济与林区经济的概念混同起来。一种情况是对当前林区发生的重大变化估量不足,仍旧用自然经济思想看待林区,把林区看成是单一的林业经济结构,从而把林区混同于林业;另一种情况是虽然看到林区商品经济发展的新形势,又只在观念上无限扩大林业概念的外延,想用其外延把林区一切产业部门,一切经济活     

大兴安岭国有森工林区产业价值链分析

对价值链、林业产业价值链的概念进行了界定,利用产业价值链的分析方法论述大兴安岭国有森工林区产业的发展,重点分析第三产业的现状及存在的问题:森林资源短缺、经营管理理念落后、绿色食品总体规模小,知名品牌少,等等。提出扩展大兴安岭国有森工林区价值链的对策与措施:加强森林资源培育,确保森林的可持续发展;培育龙头企业,实现强强联合;整合生态旅游与绿色食品业,实现两者共赢;加强绿色食品品牌建设,扩大市场份额;合理开发利用林下资源,规范发展多种经营等,这样才能延伸大兴安岭国有林区的产业价值链,加快林区经济的发展。     

重点国有林区林业碳汇经济价值实现路径研究

以黑龙江重点国有林区为例,阐述林业碳汇经济价值实现的优势与条件。研究表明：国有林区林业碳汇经济价值实现,虽具有自然资源优势,但在经济基础、政策制度建设、林业碳汇项目方法学开发等方面仍处于劣势;存在参与主体激励较差、未建立明确的发展利益共享机制、市场化程度较低等问题。归纳出“在发展初期以政府路径为主,在发展中后期以市场路径与复合路径为主”的国有林区林业碳汇经济价值实现路径。因此,建议加快地方林业碳汇碳普惠方法学的开发与应用、推进地方碳交易市场建设、建立林区林业碳汇经济价值实现的利益共享机制、加快“数字化+林业碳汇”建设。     

林业经济问题索引——1980年1月～12月

1.重视林业加快林业发展充分发挥森林的功能惠中权(遗作) 人民日报1.14如何加快林区经济的发展屈树业人民日报2.10兼顾三者利益发展林区经济 临江林业局闹枝林场人民日报8.8林区巫待解决的几个向题—福建三明林区 调查·林群英孙静人民日报9.20迅速制止破坏森林按客观规律建设林业 —全国第一次林业经济理论讨论会 探讨发展林业要解决的向题人民日报12.17造林就是造福李家杰光明日报10.20调整东部山区林业政策辽宁日报9甲17林业调整的重点是大力发展营林造林 甄林风吉林日报1.6从发展农业谈发展林业李兴邦河南日报9.15对发展林业生产的几点…     

关于林业企业发展多种经营的初步探讨

<正> 多种经营是林业企业的一条重要战线。近年来,林区多种经营发展很快,已由补助菜粮,改善职工生活单一的自给性生产,向多项目、多品种和商品化生产方向发展,成了林区一大经济支柱,它对改变产业经济结构,减少森林资源消耗,安排林区青年就业,安置富余劳力,改善企业经营管理,繁荣林区经济起了积极作用,实践证明,根据林业发展的自然规     

大兴安岭重点国有林区林业职工就业满意度评价分析

为理清大兴安岭重点国有林区林业职工的工作现状,提高林业企业改制的效率,对大兴安岭林区林业职工进行就业满意度调查研究。经探索性因子分析确定问卷维度,应用调查所获数据,将问卷中各维度作为大兴安岭重点国有林区林业职工就业满意度的影响因素,通过相关分析和多元回归分析,得到7个影响因素,按照影响程度依次为个人发展满意度、个人工作自主满意度、工作条件满意度、外在奖赏满意度、工作环境满意度、对单位领导满意度、对工作本身的满意度。根据影响因素分析得出提高林业职工就业满意度3个方面的建议,包括:调整完善工资发放制度,搭建平台使职工展现才华、实现自我价值,提高人才吸引力。     

黑龙江省林区政府执政能力影响因素分析

从政治因素的定位和规范、经济因素的配置与发展、文化因素的导向与差异以及技术因素的创新与推广4个方面入手,分析其与林区政府执政能力的关系。为了提高黑龙江省林区政府执政能力,林区政府应该积极响应党和国家方针政策的号召,把控政府内部行政权力与职责的划分;充分发挥市场自主调节的作用,对森林资源进行合理配置,加快林业产业转型升级;进一步统一政府内部的思想,以人民为中心,做到依法执政;充分利用互联网,加强林业监管系统和林业技术的宣传力度,积极指导林户对森林资源进行科学管理。     

我国林权流转效益分析与评价

围绕集体林权制度改革的总体目标"资源增长、农民增收、生态良好、林区和谐",本文从多个维度分析了当前我国林权流转的经济、社会及生态效益,评价结果显示,林权流转在提升林业社会化服务水平、增加转出林农经济收入、拓展林农就业渠道、增加集体收益分配、加速政府职能转变、加快农村基层民主建设步伐、落实生态保护主体等方面表现出积极作用,在促进林业经营规模扩大、增加转入主体收入等方面作用不明显,在乡村治理、林业经营行为如树种选择等方面则表现出负效应。     

推进国有林区改革的实践与思考

<正>为深入贯彻落实党的十八大和十八届三中全会精神,按照《中共中央关于全面深化改革的若干重大问题的决定》、《国有林区改革方案(征求意见稿)》及省委贯彻落实中央决定的《意见》的部署要求,依据《中共中央国务院关于加快林业发展的决定》赋予林业的公益性质和《黑龙江省国有重点林区条例》赋予黑龙江森工的政府职能,深化国有林区改革,健全国有林区管理     

Price transmission between products at different stages of manufacturing in forest industries

The theory of demand and supply implies a positive relationship, or “price transmission” between the prices of products at different stages of manufacturing. This relationship was investigated with quarterly prices of softwood stumpage in the US South, and national prices of forest products, from 1977 to 2002. All prices, net of inflation, were found to be nonstationary and there was no evidence of co-integration between prices. Vector autogressive models, augmented by Granger causality tests and multiplier analysis showed that there was a one-to-one permanent positive response of the southern sawtimber stumpage price to a permanent change in the national lumber price. There was also a one-third permanent positive response of the national paper price to a permanent change in the national pulp price. There was no relation between regional pulpwood prices and national pulp or paper prices. When price transmission was significant, the full adjustment took about 2 years.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

In Vino ‘No’ Veritas: impacts of fraud on wine imports in China

China is one of the largest wine importing countries in the world and is poised for continued import growth in the future. Increased wine purchases throughout China have given rise to persistent fraud where fake wines are packaged and sold with counterfeit contents and labels. For exporting countries like France, counterfeit wines displace market share, damage foreign brand reputation, and cause distrust in consumers who are aware of counterfeiting problems throughout the country. We examine the impact of fraudulent wine events (as measured by negative media reports) on Chinese wine demand differentiated by supplying country. We employ the Rotterdam demand system and a switching regression procedure to estimate import demand and compare results across different media variable specifications. Results consistently show that negative reports disproportionately affect French wine regardless of how the media variable is specified. This is not surprising because most fraudulent events involve French wine counterfeits.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.     

Local impacts of industrial tree plantations: An empirical analysis in Indonesia across plantation types

The values ascribed to industrial tree plantations are often controversial. Hence knowledge of their perceived impacts is important for improving their integration in rural landscapes. In 2016 we conducted household surveys with 606 respondents living in villages adjacent to acacia, teak and pine plantations across three islands in Indonesia (Java, Borneo, Sumatra). Results show that perceptions toward pine and teak plantations tend to differ from those toward acacia pulpwood plantations in several ways. Pine and teak plantations are perceived to have a higher number and variety of benefits and services, a higher number of positive impacts, a better environmental record, and to present more opportunities to local people for use of plantation land and products for improving rural livelihoods. In addition, we find that villagers around acacia pulpwood plantations tend to seek economic development and infrastructure to open up remote areas, yet their expectations were often only partially met. Recommendations from our analysis include: the role of the State in plantations must be clarified and potentially reinforced; the role of institutions as intermediaries is fundamental; and contributions by communities to design of management plans should be accommodated.     

Upstream demand for water use by new tree plantations imposes externalities on downstream irrigated agriculture and wetlands*

Large‐scale tree plantations in high rainfall upstream areas can reduce fresh water inflows to river systems, thereby imposing external costs on downstream irrigation, stock and domestic water users and wetland interests. We take the novel approach of expressing all benefits and costs of establishing plantations in terms of $ per gigalitre (GL) of water removed annually from river flows, setting upstream demands on the same basis as downstream demands. For the Macquarie Valley, a New South Wales sub‐catchment of Australia’s Murray‐Darling Basin, we project changes in land and water use and changes in economic surpluses under two policy settings: without and with a policy requiring permanent water entitlements to be purchased from downstream parties, before plantation establishment. Without the policy, and given a high stumpage value for trees ($70/m³), upstream gains in economic surplus projected from expanding plantations are $639 million; balanced against $233 million in economic losses by downstream irrigators and stock and domestic water users for a net gain of $406 million, but 345 GL lower mean annual environmental flows. With the policy, smaller gains in upstream economic surplus from trees ($192 million), added to net downstream gains ($138 million) from sale of water, result in gains of $330 million with no reduction in environmental flows. Sustaining the 345 GL flow for a $76 million (406–330) reduction in gains to economic surplus may be seen to cost only $0.22 million/GL; but this is much lower than the market value of the first units of that water to agriculture and forestry.     

Underpayment of Small Producers of Coffee and Cocoa in Sierra Leone

Fieldwork shows that many Sierra Leonean producers do not receive the official producer price for their coffee and cocoa, due to the concentration of buying stations, credit relations, the small quantities offered for sale, and the lack of marketing knowledge of the numerous and unorganized farmers. To the traders underpayment may seem economically justifiable to a certain extent, but to the farmers it means poverty and debt. A new village marketing centre project aims at remedying this situation and has already led to higher prices. Although no longer allowed to take their "just" share from the producers, traders are still willing to deal with the new centres.     

Malaria incidence and agricultural efficiency in Uganda

The cost of accessing healthcare can be a major determinant of disease prevalence, which in turn has short‐ and long‐term welfare implications on poor households. In response, governments in developing countries often resort to subsidizing the cost of drugs, which, while perhaps easier to administer, may not always be the most effective way of addressing healthcare cost. In this regard, we analyze the impact of different types of household level health expenses on disease incidence and agricultural production efficiency. We use data from the 2006 Uganda National Household Survey, which covered approximately 7,400 households. The results suggest that a 10% increase in consultation, medicine, and hospitalization expenses would reduce malaria incidence respectively by 35.6%, 20.5%, and 21.3 %, which translates into a 1.1%, 0.6%, and 0.6 % decrease in agricultural inefficiency, respectively. The results indicate that helping poor households meet expenses for consultation through subsidies or eliminating consultation fees has a larger impact on malaria incidence and agricultural productivity among poor rural households than subsidizing the cost of medical drugs, the most common avenue chosen by developing country governments in the fight against the disease.