土地生态化整治与景观设计

研究目的:推动中国土地生态化整治技术与景观设计的应用与发展。研究方法:文献资料法,综合分析法。研究结果:中国土地生态化整治技术与景观设计的内涵、发展方向与关键技术有待全面完善提高。研究结论:国外土地整治技术主要针对土地整治中的水土流失、景观功能衰退、土地退化等3类问题,强调土地整理区从物种、地块到整理区的多尺度生态化整治与景观空间优化配置的统筹设计。中国现阶段土地整治技术的核心应是生态化整治与景观设计技术,其在不同区域、不同类型土地整治区的集成应用是主要发展方向。具体包括4方面的关键技术:不同类型土地整理区地表值被及土壤动物与微生物区系恢复与重构技术;不同类型土地整理区生态化整治技术;不同类型土地整理区的景观设计技术;生态化整治与景观设计耦合的关键技术集成体系。     

生态文明背景下的土地整治思考

正生态文明建设背景下,为推进绿色发展方式转变、三生空间协调发展,构建山水林田湖草生命共同体,土地整治理应发挥更多作用,凸显服务生态的价值功能。如何把握好自然资源统一管理的契机,提升土地生态服务价值功能,开辟多种土地整治发展模式,探索生态化土地整治路径,引导土地整治向国土综合整治和生态治理转型发展,是当前亟须探讨的问题。目前土地整治面临的问题整治工程均质化问题严重。通过实施土地整治工程,有效耕地面积不断扩展,土地利用集约化程     

土地整治加强生态景观建设理论、方法和技术应用对策

论文针对新农村建设和城乡统筹需求以及中国土地利用现存问题,通过对国内外土地整治理论、方法和技术以及相关案例的研究,分析了发达国家土地整治目标和任务,讨论了中国未来农村土地整治发展的多功能性战略和任务,提出了土地整治加强生态景观理论、方法和技术的对策。主要结论为:在理论方面,应充分认识乡村景观美学和文化价值,维系和提升地域景观特征;加强土地利用/景观格局与生态过程关系的研究,提高土地利用多功能性,构建城乡一体化绿色基础设施;加强流域水文过程研究,提高水土安全水平。在规划设计方面,应做好3个层次的工作:战略规划上,应在已有规定和规范的内容基础上,整合景观特征保护和提升、生态网络、水土安全和游憩网络等规划,完善和提升城乡一体化绿色基础设施建设;项目规划上,应加强生态景观建设理论在项目总体规划实践中的应用,大力提升土地整治在食物和能源生产、景观塑造、生物多样性保护、水土安全和休闲游憩等方面的多功能性;项目工程设计上,应加强场地分析和生物生境修复,强化生态设计、景观持续性设计、以及乡村景观设计的原理和方法在沟路林渠等景观要素上的应用。鉴于中国土地整治在生态景观建设理论认识、技术研发和推广上的艰巨性、长期性,提出了十二五...     

基于乡村振兴视野下的全域土地综合整治实践研究——以德化县龙门滩镇为例

全域土地综合整治是新形势下实现乡村振兴的有效“助推器”。德化县龙门滩镇存在土地供需矛盾日益凸显、空间布局不合理、生态环境退化等问题，针对整治区域进行可行性分析和评估，提出启用“土地整治+”模式，以全域土地综合整治为中心联动生态环境、相关绿化产业的发展思路，开展高标准农田建设、土地整理开发以及低效建设用地整治，并改善农村生态环境，综合整治龙门滩镇水系、人居环境、交通环境等，推动当地生态治理发展，打造生态文明的新龙门滩镇，加快推进龙门滩镇乡村振兴。     

生态文明视角下土地整治科技创新研究 ——基于原国土资源部土地整治相关领域的登记和获奖成果分析

研究目的:对原国土资源部土地整治相关领域的登记和获奖成果进行梳理分析,为土地整治科技创新服务支撑生态文明建设提出意见建议。研究方法:文献资料法和比较分析法。研究结果:中国土地生态整治科技创新取得丰硕成果,但在创新能力、研究尺度和内容、成果转化应用方面存在进一步完善的空间。研究结论:土地生态整治科技发展促进了土地整治水平的提高,今后,土地生态整治科技创新要在新发展理念下,在项目设计、标准化、研究内容方面加强科学研究,完善科技创新体制机制,激发创新活力。     

基于乡村振兴战略的土地整治综述及发展趋势研究

[目的]文章旨在对乡村振兴战略指导下关于城乡融合、产业发展、生态建设不同角度的土地整治相关研究进行梳理,分析基于该战略的土地整治研究的未来发展趋势,以期为我国农村土地整治、规划与管理、统筹安排农村各项土地利用活动提供参考。[方法]该文采用文献研究法及总结归纳法,对不同角度的土地整治研究进行综述。[结果]城乡融合视角下的土地整治研究集中于整治策略与路径选择;产业发展角度的相关研究则集中于土地整治对农业发展的促进作用及影响路径与模式;与生态建设相关的土地整治研究偏重于对土地整治的生态评价,包括生态效益评价、生态环境影响评价等。[结论]城乡统筹视角下,土地整治所产生的经济效益、社会效益和生态效益如何有待深入研究;应进一步加深土地整治与农业产业发展之间相关研究;应加强对生态环境影响的机制及生态环境脆弱区的国土整治工作研究。     

2019年土地科学研究重点进展评述及2020年展望

研究目的：总结2019年国内外土地科学研究的重点进展,展望2020年中国土地科学的发展趋势以及《中国土地科学》重点关注方向。研究方法：文献调研法。研究结果：（1）土地管理领域持续关注农村土地制度改革、土地法制建设、耕地保护转型与城乡建设用地管理等实践问题,自然资源资产产权制度改革成为研究热点;（2）土地经济领域重点关注土地价格与农地流转、土地市场化改革、土地产权制度与农地制度变迁等;（3）土地资源利用与空间规划领域更加关注土地资源的自然与生态属性,以土地资源资产核算、低碳土地利用、土地利用转型、国土空间规划与用途管制等为研究热点;（4）土地工程与信息技术领域除了继续关注传统研究问题外,国土综合整治与生态保护修复相关理论与技术成为新的研究热点。研究结论：2020年,《中国土地科学》将重点关注土地制度创新与耕地资源保护、土地资源资产产权制度改革、国土空间规划与用途管制、国土综合整治与生态保护修复等相关研究问题及选题方向。     

2022年土地科学研究重点进展评述及2023年展望

研究目的：总结2022年国内外土地科学研究的重点进展，展望2023年中国土地科学的发展趋势及《中国土地科学》重点关注方向。研究方法：文献调查法。研究结果：2022年国内研究重点关注自然资源资产产权制度改革、土地要素市场化改革、宅基地“三权分置”、农地确权与流转、耕地资源可持续利用、土地绿色低碳利用、全域土地综合整治、国土空间格局优化与生态修复等科学问题；国外研究重点关注非正式制度与土地产权保护、土地市场建设、土地制度改革评价、空间规划与可持续发展、土地资源优化配置与整治、自然资源治理与信息技术革新等问题。研究结论：围绕严守资源安全底线、优化国土空间格局、推进绿色低碳发展、维护资源资产权益等战略需求，2023年《中国土地科学》将重点关注耕地资源可持续利用与粮食安全、国土空间用途管制与土地要素市场化配置、国土空间生态修复与土地绿色低碳利用、自然资源资产产权制度改革与权益实现等相关研究问题及选题方向。     

土地综合整治对耕地利用生态效率的影响研究——基于农户微观数据的实证分析

研究目的：基于系统论的“要素—结构—功能”逻辑,揭示农户视角下土地综合整治对耕地利用生态效率的影响机制,探索新时代耕地利用绿色转型的新路径。研究方法：SBM-Undesirable模型、双重差分模型。研究结果：（1）土地综合整治对耕地利用生态效率具有显著提升作用。（2）土地综合整治对耕地利用生态效率的影响效应存在农户类型和地貌类型差异,适度规模农户显著优于小规模农户,平原地区显著优于丘陵地区。研究结论：土地综合整治应在国家粮食安全与生态文明战略指导下,遵循要素整合、结构优化、功能提升的治理逻辑,充分发挥适度规模经营农户对小规模农户的引领作用,因地制宜走好差异化、特色化、生态化农业发展道路,全方位夯实粮食安全和生态安全“耕”基。     

土地整治呼唤景观生态建设

研究目的:探讨土地整治景观生态建设基础,提出不同尺度的土地整治景观生态建设途径与方法,以引导土地整治的景观生态建设。研究方法:文献资料法,归纳分析法,比较分析法。研究结果:土地整治景观生态建设在大尺度上从规划层面构建生态板块和生态网络体系,确定土地整治的重点区域、重大工程布局;在中尺度上通过景观格局与生态过程分析,加强景观多样性保护,构建土地整治项目的空间格局;在小尺度上注重提高土地综合生产力的同时,重视斑块、廊道的景观生态化设计,提升景观生态功能性;同时积极拓展公众参与的途径、方式,注意汲取当地乡土知识、技巧和经验。研究结论:明确不同尺度的土地整治景观生态建设内容,尊重乡土景观与提高公众参与性,促进土地整治健康有序发展。     

Price transmission between products at different stages of manufacturing in forest industries

The theory of demand and supply implies a positive relationship, or “price transmission” between the prices of products at different stages of manufacturing. This relationship was investigated with quarterly prices of softwood stumpage in the US South, and national prices of forest products, from 1977 to 2002. All prices, net of inflation, were found to be nonstationary and there was no evidence of co-integration between prices. Vector autogressive models, augmented by Granger causality tests and multiplier analysis showed that there was a one-to-one permanent positive response of the southern sawtimber stumpage price to a permanent change in the national lumber price. There was also a one-third permanent positive response of the national paper price to a permanent change in the national pulp price. There was no relation between regional pulpwood prices and national pulp or paper prices. When price transmission was significant, the full adjustment took about 2 years.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

In Vino ‘No’ Veritas: impacts of fraud on wine imports in China

China is one of the largest wine importing countries in the world and is poised for continued import growth in the future. Increased wine purchases throughout China have given rise to persistent fraud where fake wines are packaged and sold with counterfeit contents and labels. For exporting countries like France, counterfeit wines displace market share, damage foreign brand reputation, and cause distrust in consumers who are aware of counterfeiting problems throughout the country. We examine the impact of fraudulent wine events (as measured by negative media reports) on Chinese wine demand differentiated by supplying country. We employ the Rotterdam demand system and a switching regression procedure to estimate import demand and compare results across different media variable specifications. Results consistently show that negative reports disproportionately affect French wine regardless of how the media variable is specified. This is not surprising because most fraudulent events involve French wine counterfeits.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.     

Local impacts of industrial tree plantations: An empirical analysis in Indonesia across plantation types

The values ascribed to industrial tree plantations are often controversial. Hence knowledge of their perceived impacts is important for improving their integration in rural landscapes. In 2016 we conducted household surveys with 606 respondents living in villages adjacent to acacia, teak and pine plantations across three islands in Indonesia (Java, Borneo, Sumatra). Results show that perceptions toward pine and teak plantations tend to differ from those toward acacia pulpwood plantations in several ways. Pine and teak plantations are perceived to have a higher number and variety of benefits and services, a higher number of positive impacts, a better environmental record, and to present more opportunities to local people for use of plantation land and products for improving rural livelihoods. In addition, we find that villagers around acacia pulpwood plantations tend to seek economic development and infrastructure to open up remote areas, yet their expectations were often only partially met. Recommendations from our analysis include: the role of the State in plantations must be clarified and potentially reinforced; the role of institutions as intermediaries is fundamental; and contributions by communities to design of management plans should be accommodated.     

Upstream demand for water use by new tree plantations imposes externalities on downstream irrigated agriculture and wetlands*

Large‐scale tree plantations in high rainfall upstream areas can reduce fresh water inflows to river systems, thereby imposing external costs on downstream irrigation, stock and domestic water users and wetland interests. We take the novel approach of expressing all benefits and costs of establishing plantations in terms of $ per gigalitre (GL) of water removed annually from river flows, setting upstream demands on the same basis as downstream demands. For the Macquarie Valley, a New South Wales sub‐catchment of Australia’s Murray‐Darling Basin, we project changes in land and water use and changes in economic surpluses under two policy settings: without and with a policy requiring permanent water entitlements to be purchased from downstream parties, before plantation establishment. Without the policy, and given a high stumpage value for trees ($70/m³), upstream gains in economic surplus projected from expanding plantations are $639 million; balanced against $233 million in economic losses by downstream irrigators and stock and domestic water users for a net gain of $406 million, but 345 GL lower mean annual environmental flows. With the policy, smaller gains in upstream economic surplus from trees ($192 million), added to net downstream gains ($138 million) from sale of water, result in gains of $330 million with no reduction in environmental flows. Sustaining the 345 GL flow for a $76 million (406–330) reduction in gains to economic surplus may be seen to cost only $0.22 million/GL; but this is much lower than the market value of the first units of that water to agriculture and forestry.     

Malaria incidence and agricultural efficiency in Uganda

The cost of accessing healthcare can be a major determinant of disease prevalence, which in turn has short‐ and long‐term welfare implications on poor households. In response, governments in developing countries often resort to subsidizing the cost of drugs, which, while perhaps easier to administer, may not always be the most effective way of addressing healthcare cost. In this regard, we analyze the impact of different types of household level health expenses on disease incidence and agricultural production efficiency. We use data from the 2006 Uganda National Household Survey, which covered approximately 7,400 households. The results suggest that a 10% increase in consultation, medicine, and hospitalization expenses would reduce malaria incidence respectively by 35.6%, 20.5%, and 21.3 %, which translates into a 1.1%, 0.6%, and 0.6 % decrease in agricultural inefficiency, respectively. The results indicate that helping poor households meet expenses for consultation through subsidies or eliminating consultation fees has a larger impact on malaria incidence and agricultural productivity among poor rural households than subsidizing the cost of medical drugs, the most common avenue chosen by developing country governments in the fight against the disease.     

Underpayment of Small Producers of Coffee and Cocoa in Sierra Leone

Fieldwork shows that many Sierra Leonean producers do not receive the official producer price for their coffee and cocoa, due to the concentration of buying stations, credit relations, the small quantities offered for sale, and the lack of marketing knowledge of the numerous and unorganized farmers. To the traders underpayment may seem economically justifiable to a certain extent, but to the farmers it means poverty and debt. A new village marketing centre project aims at remedying this situation and has already led to higher prices. Although no longer allowed to take their "just" share from the producers, traders are still willing to deal with the new centres.