欧美的可转债市场及其借鉴意义

可转换债券具有筹集资金和回避风险双重功能，在欧美市场上不断创新，取得极大发展。     

Accounting research and researchers of the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth century: an international survey of authors, ideas and publications

At the beginning of the nineteenth century the former glory of Italian accounting was overshadowed by its decline during the eighteenth century, and literature from France, England, Germany, America and other countries took centre-stage. 'Theories of accounts' (rather than 'accounting theories') dominated not merely the early but also the later part of this century when Italian accounting had regained a prominent position beside other countries. The relation of those theories to the 'charts of accounts'-which later became so prominent in Continental Europe is historically important. The controversies over personalistic versus materialistic accounts and that between entity versus proprietary theories, as well as the emergence of other theories are discussed with reference to individual authors. Diverse topics from railroad accounting and auditing to various aspects of cost accounting are investigated. Particularly important are the pioneering efforts of this period that anticipated further developments. These manifested themselves in the following ideas: entity theory, flow of funds statement, matrix accounting, different aspects of valuation, allocation and depreciation, price-level adjustments and indexation, current values, exit values, residual income valuation, managerial control, the emergence of competing accounting (and Bilanz) theories, the separation of fixed from variable costs, fixed and flexible budgeting, zero-based budgeting, PERT, transfer prices, break-even charts, variance analysis, job-order costing, labour and machine hour rates, standard costing, price determination, integrating financial and cost accounting, clean surplus theory, agricultural accounting, holding gains, and other topics. Appendix A offers an overview of Nineteenth century scholars concerned with accounting history (together with one representative work of each), and Appendix B lists the nationally (and often internationally) prominent names of accounting authors born in the nineteenth century but also or exclusively active during the twentieth century. The paper integrates approximately 400 publications of which less than half are of the English tongue.     

北美地区基金管理公司的内部监察

北美地区是世界上基金业发展最迅速的地区,在美国,有一半左右的家庭投资于共同基金,2001年全美有逾8000只的共同基金,l997年个人投资的资产中65%投向了基金,共同基金已经是一种非常大众化的金融产品.那么如此众多的基金产品是如何卖出去的呢?又是如何赢得了投资者的信任和青睐?除去北美证券市场近十几年来的高速增长推动了基金业的发展外,内部监察和风险控制机制的完善也是非常重要原因之一.     

Men of steel: Voluntary accounting information disclosure in the first third of the twentieth century at U.S. Steel Corporation

Before the emergence of accounting regulation and broadly-based equity ownership in the US, corporations had a relatively free hand over financial information disclosure. Why information was disseminated was therefore a purer window into corporate strategy. This paper considers the case of U.S. Steel Corporation, a dominant industrial company for the good part of the 20th century in the world's largest economy. Two explanations, stewardship and legitimacy theory are offered as rationales for the company's relatively high level of voluntary disclosure. The results suggest that the stewardship model is the one most likely to explain the variation in the historical pattern of disclosure.     

北美企业信息技术经济效益的内审评估

本文研究了北美的《管理会计指南——信息技术评价》,对该文件中美国与加拿大企业内部信息技术经济效益的评审制度进行了分析。笔者认为,这一评审制度对于我国企业的信息技术经济效益的评价也是很适用的。我们的资产评估师也应该并能够为企业提供这样的评估服务。本文论述的顺序是这一评审制度的背景、主要内容、评估方法、评估范例与几点启示。     

论我国会计信用法律体系的构建

本文试图通过三个步骤,对我国会计信用法律体系进行构建:一是从多个方面和多种理论视角分析会计信用法律体系构建中的基本思路和框架;二是一个完整科学的会计信用法律体系应当包括哪些内容;三是明确指出一个完整科学的会计信用法律体系有效运行的最重要的外部环境、条件和基础:经济体制、政府信用、执法和司法、产权与公司治理。     

我国实施会计委派制存在的问题及完善对策

近几年全国各地相继开展了会计委派制试点工作,取得了一些成效和经验,但仍存在不少问题。应积极探索解决这些问题的有效途径,继续推进会计委派制改革。     

Payout policy in the 21st century

We survey 384 financial executives and conduct in-depth interviews with an additional 23 to determine the factors that drive dividend and share repurchase decisions. Our findings indicate that maintaining the dividend level is on par with investment decisions, while repurchases are made out of the residual cash flow after investment spending. Perceived stability of future earnings still affects dividend policy as in Lintner (1956. American Economic Review 46, 97–113). However, 50 years later, we find that the link between dividends and earnings has weakened. Many managers now favor repurchases because they are viewed as being more flexible than dividends and can be used in an attempt to time the equity market or to increase earnings per share. Executives believe that institutions are indifferent between dividends and repurchases and that payout policies have little impact on their investor clientele. In general, management views provide little support for agency, signaling, and clientele hypotheses of payout policy. Tax considerations play a secondary role.     

Pacific science in the 21st century

‘Science’ is often implied to be something emanating from Western Europe or its derivatives. But the people of the 24 nations and territories of the Pacific Islands also want their unique scientific knowledge recognized and perpetuated. Politically the islands are divided into 24 nations and territories, and culturally their people speak about 1200 different languages—each with some differences of culture. This is much the greatest cultural fragmentation on earth. Each culture has, over thousands of years, experimented and discovered some unique principles and evolved some unique techniques. For example, some principles of Pacific navigation (for many centuries the world's most advanced) and techniques of vessel construction, are unknown elsewhere—even today. Some pharmaceutical remedies are unique, some items of marine and plant science are not known to ‘Western science’ and so on. It is to these that the term ‘Pacific science’ refers. This essay explores the potentials for Pacific science in the future, and for Pacific contributions to global knowledge.     

Medicare in the 21st century.

The authors provide an overview of the Medicare program in terms of how the current program operates, the current issues it faces that may shape possible options for reform, and the implications of these features and issues for employment-based health plans. Current issues include adoption of a premium support model, changes in the eligibility age for Medicare benefits, Medigap insurance, benefits covered and customer service.     

Latin America in the rearview mirror

Latin American countries are the only Western countries that are poor and that are not gaining ground on the U.S. This paper evaluates why Latin America has not replicated Western economic success. We find that this failure is primarily due to TFP differences. Latin America's TFP gap is not plausibly accounted for by human capital differences, but rather reflects inefficient production. We argue that competitive barriers are a promising channel for understanding low Latin TFP. We document that Latin America has many more international and domestic competitive barriers than do Western and successful East Asian countries. We also document a number of microeconomic cases in Latin America in which large reductions in competitive barriers increase Latin American productivity to Western levels.     

'A Public Expert in Matters of Account': Defining the Chartered Accountant in England and Wales

This study addresses the attempts by the Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales (ICAEW) to set its professional boundaries based on the performance of work in order to create a definition of the specialist chartered accountant or 'public expert in matters of account'. The article, located in the 1880-1900 period, provides an insight into the activities and arenas in which chartered accountants could engage. The complexities associated with this demarcation between permissible and non-permissible activities, revealed through a series of 'test cases', were exacerbated by the 'grandfather clauses' contained in the ICAEW's Royal Charter.     

Claiming a jurisdiction for the “Public Accountant” in England prior to organisational fusion

This paper exploits the interpretive content of city-based directories to demonstrate the emergence of “public accountants” as a professional grouping in England during the period 1800–1880, and it applies Andrew Abbott’s The System of the Professions (1988) to explain the broader significance of that finding. We reveal that, by the 1870s, “public accountants” in England had achieved public recognition as expert suppliers of services over which they possessed an effective jurisdiction, and we conclude that Abbott’s theory provides a meaningful framework for explaining the history of public accounting prior to organisational fusion in 1880. We also consider why the label “public accountant” failed to satisfy the conditions identified by Abbott’s analytical framework for the continuing success of their professional project, and conclude that the need for a more effective means of occupational differentiation led to the reconstruction of a public accountancy profession based instead on the title “chartered accountant”.     

Long waves and geography in the 21st century

Intersecting macrohistorical rhythms provide insights into the processes that will guide geographical change in the first half of the next century. The repetition of long-wave rhythms provides a key to what lies 25 and 50 years ahead, helping us to identify the patterns, determine the processes, and work out their logical consequences. To understand this it is necessary to clarify the concepts of ‘techno-economic systems’ and ‘long waves of prices’ and their interrelationships in ‘growth logistics’. A second key to the next half-century is provided by the baby boom-baby bust generational rhythms that interlock with long waves and growth logistics at double the frequency. Together, the two keys not only provide a macrohistorical framework for unraveling the course of economic and social history; they provide a basis for geographical anticipations.     

Speculations about geopolitics in the late 21st century

Speculations are made about the global power balance in the next century. The time frame is 50–100 years and the driving forces are economic, technological, and natural resource availability. It is believed that three dominant coalitions will emerge: a Western hemisphere maritime grouping led by the US and including the UK; a European grouping dominated by France and Germany; and an East and South Asia grouping led by Japan and including India. The underlying motivation for these alignments is the postulated failure of the World Trade Organization to achieve long-term global free trade. A short-term policy recommendation to upgrade the buying power of Western hemisphere consumer populations is developed from the analysis.     

Expansion and consolidation of bancassurance in the 21st century

Bancassurance has received much attention from both researchers and policymakers, as it is a major step towards the creation of universal financial markets in the 21st century which are no longer segregated based on industry operations. This study is the first comprehensive study to identify and measure the determinants of bancassurance using a sample of firms from 28 developed and developing countries. Our results complement the existing literature on bancassurance demand, insurance demand, and international insurance services, while also providing additional insight in key areas. The empirical results, based on panel analysis, indicate that reduction in company risk, the size of the company, reductions in company costs and increases in company revenues, the size of the national banking industry, the level of financial deregulation within a country, and the national inflation rate all play significant roles as determinants of bancassurance.