不同主导权力下考虑利他偏好的闭环供应链决策分析

利他偏好是影响供应链决策的重要因素,将利他偏好行为引入到闭环供应链决策中,利用Stackelberg博弈分析技术,构建两种不同主导权力下考虑利他偏好的闭环供应链决策模型,分析不同主导权力下供应链最优决策行为。结果表明,制造商主导模式能最大限度回收废旧产品,有利于促进供应链绿色可持续发展。零售商主导模式有利于供应链前向一体化的发展。在利他偏好合作区间范围内,协调好供应链中制造商与零售商的主体地位,对实现供应链可持续发展具有重要意义。     

制造商竞争环境下闭环供应链的均衡与协调策略研究

文章针对由两个制造商和一个零售商的二级闭环供应链系统,以零售商负责回收废旧产品为例研究了闭环供应链协调策略。制造商都有采用协调策略与零售商联合定价的趋势,采用协调策略对于制造商是一个占优决策。     

闭环供应链中制造商和分销商的再制造决策研究

研究了闭环供应链中制造商和分销商的再制造价格决策问题。采用动态博弈模型,分析了由一个制造商和一个分销商组成的供应链,分销商回收废旧产品,制造商或分销商完成再制造过程中的价格决策策略,以及制造商和分销商参与再制造的边界条件。在此基础上,分析了制造商和分销商分别参与再制造对整个供应链收益的影响。     

考虑成员主导行为的 闭环供应链定价决策研究

本文在闭环供应链（Closed-loop Supply Chain, CLSC)系统中考虑了成员的主导行为,分别在集中决策定价 模式、快递包装制造商主导模式以及快递企业主导模式这三种情况下研究快递包装制造商、快递企业以及整个闭环供 应链的最佳定价策略以及最优利润。结果表明,在集中决策定价模式下,能够使闭环供应链利润最大化。快递企业与 快递包装制造商之间的利润关系和快递企业在回收活动中赚取的差价关系密切,快递企业所获得的利润也与回收差价 密切相关。     

回收率不确定存在竞争的闭环供应链定价决策

在由制造商、再制造商和零售商组成的三级闭环供应链系统中,考虑再制造率不确定和产品竞争双因素下闭环供应链的定价策略。运用Stackelberg博弈方法,构建再制造率不确定情境下考虑竞争的闭环供应链分散式和集中式定价模型,分析新产品、再制造品和废旧产品价格关于再制造率和产品替代系数的变化规律,以及再制造率和产品替代系数对闭环供应链整体利润的影响。结果表明:产品替代系数越高,对再制造商和零售商越有利,但对制造商会产生不利影响;随着再制造率和产品替代系数的增加,两种决策模式下的系统期望利润均会增加,但集中式决策下的系统利润要高于分散式决策下的系统利润。运用Mathematica 9.0通过算例仿真验证了上述结论。     

回收半径对闭环供应链影响的系统动力学仿真

在第三方回收模式下,回收中心的数量直接影响回收成本和回收效率。论文建立了闭环供应链模型,并根据已有逆向物流渠道设计研究,把与回收半径相关的因素引入到模型中。利用系统动力学方法,研究回收中心服务半径对闭环供应链动态特征的影响。通过仿真实验发现,回收总成本、回收库存和制造商库存波动等指标都受到回收半径影响,但各个指标随回收半径变化的趋势并不相同。存在使回收总成本最低的回收半径;此外,合理的回收半径可以降低制造商的库存波动水平。研究结论可以为区域合理规划回收中心提供参考。     

财政补贴的供应链决策效率与社会福利研究

在再制造供应链中,受限于回收能力以及高昂的投资成本,废旧产品的回收前景并不乐观。文章基于Stackelberg博弈方法,建立了政府分别补贴制造商、零售商和第三方回收商三种不同模型下的闭环供应链决策模型,并从回收率、市场价格以及企业利润等角度分析了在三种不同模型下政府实施补贴对闭环供应链各成员决策的影响。研究发现：只要政府实施补贴,闭环供应链各方的收益均与政府补贴成正比;而从政府层面来看,政府补贴给零售商能达到最高的回收率、最低的市场价格、最大的企业总利润,即补贴零售商时的效率最高;因此以政府补贴零售商为例,对政府不同决策目标下的最优补贴进行了探讨。最后,通过数值模拟分析发现,当政府追求的目标由经济效益扩展到社会福利再到社会效益时,其所支出的最优补贴越来越大。     

风险规避对闭环供应链决策的影响

构建了3种不同回收渠道(制造商回收、零售商回收和第三方回收商回收)下的闭环供应链模型,以制造商为Stackelber领导者,分析了分散化决策下的3种最优决策模型,考察了闭环供应链各参与方的风险规避程度对其定价决策和期望利润的影响,并借助数值分析对求解结果进行了验证。研究结果表明:随着风险规避程度的增大,零售商趋向于降低零售价格,回收方趋向于提高回收价格;在其他因素不变的情况下,闭环供应链各参与方的风险规避程度增大往往会导致其期望利润减少。     

考虑回收品质量的再制造闭环供应链决策研究

基于单个制造商与单个销售商构成的再制造闭环供应链,引入质量投入与奖惩函数对回收品质量进行控制,利用Stackelberg博弈理论及数值仿真的方法,探讨了分散与联合两种情境下再制造闭环供应链的最优决策,研究了回收品质量对再制造闭环供应链决策的影响。结果表明:联合决策下回收率随回收品质量的提高而减小,分散决策下回收率随回收品质量的提高先增加后减小;随着回收品质量水平的提高,产品市场售价降低,形成"市场促进"效应,刺激市场中存在的潜在需求,从而使得供应链整体效益增加。     

基于系统动力学的三级闭环供应链建模与分析

构建以制造商(M)、零售商(R)和第三方回收商(T)组成的三级闭环供应链系统动力学模型,并使用Vensim软件对模型进行仿真以研究闭环供应链系统运行的动态行为模式和运行规律,研究发现:(1)模型仿真可以很好的预测闭环供应链长期或短期的行为变化;(2)闭环供应链系统存在寻的行为、具有明显的振荡行为、具有鲁棒性、延迟效应及牛鞭效应等动态行为基本模式;文章的研究使我们认识到建立良好的协调机制对于优化闭环供应链系统绩效具有非常重要的意义。     

On the Second-best Policy of Household's Waste Recycling

This study analyzes the second-best household's waste recycling policy. If we assume the first-best economy with no illegal disposal or transaction costs, then unit pricing, an advance disposal fee and a recycling subsidy are required in order to achieve the social optimum such that both the sum of unit pricing and an advance disposal fee and the sum of unit pricing and a recycling subsidy are equal to the marginal disposal cost. Furthermore, the first-best outcome can also be obtained by a producer take-back requirement system.In the real economy, however, various factors prevent the first-best optimal outcome. In this study we consider two factors, one being the transaction cost associated with a recycling subsidy (or refund) and the other being illegal disposal by the consumer. If a recycling subsidy (or a deposit-refund system) is adopted, a transaction cost associated with it will be generated. Alternatively, if unit pricing is adopted, some of the consumed goods may be disposed of illegally. We show the complete trade-off between unit pricing and a recycling subsidy. In other words, we can not adopt unit pricing and a recycling subsidy simultaneously. As a result, there are three candidates for the second-best policy: unit pricing with an advance disposal fee, a deposit-refund system, and a producer take-back requirement system.Which of these three policies is the second-best policy will depend on the relative magnitude of the price of a recycled good and the marginal transaction cost associated with a recycling subsidy (or the refund in a deposit-refund system). Generally, if the price of a recycled good is positive and the marginal transaction cost is relatively high, unit pricing with an advance disposal fee is the second-best policy. However, where the price of a recycled good is negative and the marginal transaction cost is relatively high, a producer take-back requirement system is the second-best policy. Further, where the marginal transaction cost is relatively low, a deposit-refund system is the second-best policy, regardless of whether the price of a recycled good is positive or negative.     

A recovery mechanism for a two echelon supply chain system under supply disruption

Supply chains are becoming increasingly competitive in order to meet customer demands. The task of optimizing highly evolved supply chains is not easy, especially when it is particularly sensitive to unexpected disruption. This paper presents a newly developed real-time recovery mechanism for a two stage serial supply chain system, consisting of one manufacturer and one retailer, where the production is disrupted for a given period of time during the production up time. The model is capable of determining the recovery schedule for the manufacturer and the retailer, and ensuring that the total relevant costs are minimized, while seeking to recover the original schedule by the end of the recovery time window. The model was solved using an efficient heuristic developed in this paper, which performed well in giving quality solutions within reasonable time. It can be shown that the optimal recovery schedule is dependent on the shortage cost parameters, as well as on the extent of the disruption. The presented model is useful to assist decision makers to take a pro-active approach for maintaining business continuity in the event of a disruption in the supply chain system.     

Prices versus Quantities in a Second-Best Setting

The choice between taxes and tradable permits has been independently analysed by two distinct research traditions. The first proceeds from Weitzman's partial equilibrium stochastic model and concludes that a tax should be preferred if the marginal abatement cost curve is steeper than the marginal environmental benefit curve. The second utilises deterministic general equilibrium models with pre-existing distortionary taxes. It concludes that non-revenue-raising instruments (e.g., grandfathered tradable permits) are costlier than revenue-raising ones (e.g., a tax on every unit of pollution or auctioned permits). To build a bridge between these two traditions, we introduce in Weitzman's model a positive cost of public funds due to pre-existing distortionary taxes. The tax admits a greater comparative advantage over the permits, as compared to Weitzman's classical result. Then, we assume that the regulated industry blocks any proposal that poses it too high an expected burden. This may require a transfer to firms, in the form of freely-allocated permits or lump-sum tax rebate. It turns out that if this acceptability constraint is binding, then the comparative advantage of taxes over permits is still reinforced. Quantitatively, even if the marginal benefit function is 50% more steeply sloped than the marginal cost function, the price instrument should be preferred. We also compare the expected net benefit of these two instruments to a contingent instrument which leads to the ex post optimum. The superiority of the contingent instrument over the quantity one is higher than in first-best.     

Ownership and Cost‐Sharing Contracts

We discuss the relative merits of public and private ownership in an incomplete contract framework developed by Hart, Shleifer and Vishney (HSV). We add two new elements to their model. First, the government may offer cost‐sharing contracts when procuring the good. Second, the owner of a private firm may divert resources that increase their own profit/utility but increase total costs. The cost sharing contract allows the government to reduce the private firm's incentives to dump quality in order to save on costs. However, this also leads to resource diversion, which increases total costs. We derive the preferred mode of ownership when the government optimally chooses the power of the cost sharing scheme. We find that the presence of quality‐reducing cost reductions only favours government ownership if the scope for resource diversion is substantial. A discussion of when resource diversion is likely to be important is also provided.     

Unionized oligopoly and vertical integration

Labor market structures may have important effects on imperfectly competitive rivalries between firms. This paper examines the consequences of unionization for the rivalry between duopoly firms in two types of contracts: vertical integration and vertical separation. If a franchise fee is used to extract the retailer’s profit, then it is in the individual interest of each manufacturer to choose vertical separation and charge his retailer a wholesale price in excess of the unit production cost, depending on the specific time structures. These arguments could make integration preferable for the manufacturer if the wage bargaining power of the union is relatively powerful.     

Upstream Market Power and Wasteful Retailers*

We provide a novel explanation for the wasteful product disposal by retailers. In our model, after purchasing a quantity of a product from the manufacturer, the retailer exerts a costly effort to sell the product to the final users. The manufacturer’s production cost and the outside opportunity associated with it is private information. We show that, when the manufacturer has the upstream market power, the retailer sells all units purchased from the manufacturer. However, when the retailer has the market power, it might deliberately purchase more than it sells to the final users (thus wasting the unsold amount).     

Cross-border mergers and strategic alliances

This paper develops a model with distribution costs to study firm cooperation in forming strategic alliances and mergers, under different types of foreign market entry modes, that is, export or foreign direct investment (FDI). Under both export and FDI, we find that cross-border alliances (mergers) dominate domestic alliances (mergers); and cross-border alliances and mergers are preferred to independence if and only if distribution cost is high. Under export, cross-border alliances are chosen in equilibrium if distribution cost is high. Under FDI and with high distribution cost, cross-border alliances (mergers) are chosen in equilibrium if plant setup cost is low (high).     

供应链的交易成本分析及供产双方的博弈

本文通过传统供应链中供应商和制造商的讨价还价模型分析,论证了交易双方的交易成本不同,造成供应商和制造商之间的相互依赖关系不同,从而双方的机会主义行为倾向也不同.制造商可以通过与高质量的供应商建立长期的诚信的战略合作伙伴关系,以减少为讨价还价消耗的交易成本,同时也减少了双方机会主义行为所造成的损害.     

Manufacturer's pricing strategy in a two-level supply chain with competing retailers and advertising cost dependent demand

The paper studies a two-echelon supply chain comprising one manufacturer and two competing retailers with advertising cost dependent demand. The manufacturer acts as the Stackelberg leader who specifies wholesale price for each retailer. The two retailers compete with each other in advertising and they have different sales costs. The manufacturer uses one of the following two pricing strategies: (i) setting the same wholesale price for both the retailers irrespective of the difference in their sales costs; (ii) setting different wholesale prices for the retailers depending on their sales costs. Two models are developed. In the first model, the manufacturer shares a fraction of each retailer's advertising cost while in the second model, the manufacturer does not share any retailer's advertising expenses. In both the models, we derive the retailers' and manufacturer's optimal strategies. A numerical example is given to illustrate the theoretical results developed in each model. Computational results show that it is always beneficial for the manufacturer to adopt different wholesale pricing strategy for the retailers.