生产率与中国企业国际化模式:来自微观企业的证据

本文从微观角度研究中国企业生产率及国际化模式选择是否符合新新贸易理论。在匹配《境外投资企业(机构)名录》与工业企业数据库的基础上,借助一阶随机占优的Kolmogorov-Smirnov非参数检验,发现对外投资企业、出口企业和非出口企业间的生产率关系并不完全符合新新贸易理论,出口企业存在"生产率悖论"。随后,本文基于多元Logit回归模型分析企业生产率对国际化模式选择的影响,全样本回归结果显示,企业生产率有效地促进了企业对外投资,但不利于企业出口,并进一步从出口密度视角为出口企业的"生产率悖论"问题进行解释及验证。     

异质性企业贸易理论对我国企业“走出去”的启示

异质性企业贸易理论不同于传统的国际贸易理论,打破了企业同质性的假定,以不同生产率为出发点,从企业的微观层面上阐述了企业异质性与出口贸易、对外直接投资之间的关系。我国企业经过多年的探索,深化"走出去"战略,在国际化经营方面取得了巨大的成就,但问题同在。通过运用异质性企业贸易理论,结合我国企业"走出去"的现状和特点,综合分析我国企业国际化所面临的问题与风险,为我国企业国际化模式选择提供合理依据。     

有关国际贸易中异质性企业的文献综述

传统的贸易理论和新贸易理论都以“产业”作为研究对象,而以梅利兹为代表的新新贸易理论进一步将研究视角微观化,以企业为分析变量,提出了异质企业贸易模型从而开拓了国际贸易理论和实证研究的新方向。本文围绕企业异质性,就贸易发展中异质的企业生产率与出口之间的关系,贸易自由化与异质性企业之间的关系等问题进行文献综述。     

新新贸易理论“新”在何处——异质性企业贸易理论剖析

传统贸易理论和新贸易理论都是基于企业同质化的前提假定.分析国际贸易产生的原因及其影响.然而,近年来以Melitz为代表的一些经济学家通过理论与实证研究发现.同一产业内部企业之间在其规模、生产率以及工人的工资上都存在着显著差异.从而提出了异质性企业贸易理论,又称为新新贸易理论,其研究视角从传统的国家和产业层面转向企业和产品层面,以生产率差异作为企业主要特征,从微观层面详细剖析了企业的出口、投资以及国际化生产组织行为,为国际贸易的利益来源提供了新的解释.     

贸易摩擦与异质性企业的出口和对外直接投资选择——基于山东省企业层面数据的实证研究

文章将贸易摩擦纳入异质性企业贸易理论的分析框架,研究企业在出口和对外直接投资之间的选择,发现山东省的企业在对外投资中存在"生产率悖论"现象:"悖论1"是生产率越高的企业选择出口的概率越大,选择对外直接投资的概率越小;"悖论2"是贸易摩擦强度越大对外直接投资企业的平均生产率越高。贸易摩擦使企业选择出口的概率下降,选择对外直接投资的概率上升,所以在一定程度上缓解了对外直接投资中的"悖论1"。     

贸易自由化如何影响了异质性企业的生产率:一个文献综述

异质性企业贸易理论是当前国际贸易研究领域的最新前沿。以Meltiz(2003)和Bernard等(2003)为代表的早期异质性企业贸易理论,假定企业生产率为外生给定的,贸易自由化通过资源在企业间的重新配置提高了行业层面的生产率。新近发展的异质性企业贸易理论模型,将企业生产率内生化,揭示了贸易自由化影响企业层面生产率的微观机制。本文对贸易自由化影响企业层面生产率的代表性文献进行综述,并指出了该领域研究新的发展方向。     

企业异质性影响出口竞争力的效应分析

根据新一新贸易理论,高生产率的企业更倾向于选择出口,低生产率的企业选择国内销售。新一新贸易理论是产业内贸易和产品间贸易的延续,是研究产品内贸易的理论依据。少数学者用中国的数据分析,得出了与新一新贸易理论相违背的结论,即生产率低的企业选择出口,而生产率高的企业选择国内销售,本文也是立足新一新贸易理论,结合前面几位学者对湖南省企业数据的实证分析及得出的结论,而从理论上阐述企业异质性影响出口竞争力的效应分析,并得出与新一新贸易理论不一致的结论：企业生产率与出口显著相关,但其相关关系不确定,因此,企业异质性是影响出口竞争力的显著因素,然而他们之间的关系具有不确定性。     

中国出口企业“生产率之谜”研究进展与启示

近期的经验研究发现中国出口企业的生产率低于非出口企业。由于与经典异质性企业贸易模型的主要预测不一致,这一经验事实被称为"生产率之谜"。中国出口企业"生产率之谜"是目前学术界关注的热点之一。文章通过回顾国内外现有研究"生产率之谜"的理论和经验文献,梳理了文献在研究时间和研究议题上的逻辑关系,比较了文献在研究方法和研究结论等方面的异同,并尝试性地提出未来的研究思路。     

出口与企业生产率:由实证而理论的最新拓展

出口与企业生产率之间关系的研究属于国际贸易研究的最新论题,这原本是个实证论题,后来被提升到理论层面。大量的实证研究文献集中在"自我选择效应"和"出口学习效应"两个命题。理论层面的拓展以对传统理论之企业无差异假定条件的打破为基点。文章在对1995-2006年关于出口与企业生产率关系的实证与理论研究进行归纳、总结的基础上提出了进一步研究的方向。     

出口和生产率:基于异质性企业的实证研究综述

新新贸易理论框架下异质性企业出口和生产率的关系可以用两种假说来概括——"自我选择出口"和"出口导致增长"。文章回顾了十多年来学者们用各个国家的企业数据对这两种假说的验证,对比和评析了相关的研究方法、研究结论、实证结果的原因等,对我国出口企业"生产率悖论"的原因进行总结与探讨,并提出了未来的研究思路与方向。     

企业出口影响因素的研究述评——基于异质性企业贸易理论的视角

通过对国际贸易理论发展脉络进行梳理,从生产率、创新、汇率和贸易政策等四个方面归纳了关于企业出口影响因素的实证研究,针对大量实证研究进行了述评,指出中国的主要研究方向,以及对中国经济贸易政策制定的重大意义。     

国际贸易与国际直接投资理论融合研究路径及其拓展

国际贸易与国际直接投资从理论到实践表现出日益明显的相互融合趋向,特别是贸易投资一体化现象的出现和不断发展使得传统的理论解释体系亟待创新。现有的理论研究工作可分为对两者相互关系研究的阶段和对贸易投资一体化论证解释的阶段。根据两种不同理论阶段的划分,概述对贸易投资互动关系的理论研究和实证分析,归纳对新的贸易投资一体化现象的理论研究思路,从而制定出基于复杂动态系统模拟的新的研究路径。     

异质性生产率、货款回收与中国企业出口

采用2005-2008年东三省持续存在的8 932家企业面板数据,本文检验了生产率和货款回收因素在出口中的作用,发现出口企业的全要素生产率、货款回收率都高于非出口企业,这说明该地区并不存在出口"生产率悖论;"高生产率和规避国内账款回收困难是企业出口的决定因素,通过对应收账款的内生性分析发现这一结果是稳健的;企业所有制性质、企业规模也会促进出口,而利润和企业成立年限对出口的影响并不显著。因此,提升企业效率、改善企业运行机制、健全社会信用制度是我国亟待解决的现实问题。     

Heterogeneous responses of firms to trade protection

This paper estimates the effect of antidumping protection on the productivity of domestic import-competing firms. Two key results emerge. First, the productivity of the average firm receiving protection moderately improves, but this is never sufficient to close the productivity gap with firms never involved in antidumping cases. Second, allowing for firm heterogeneity reveals that domestic firms with relatively low initial productivity - laggard firms - have productivity gains during protection, while firms with high initial productivity - frontier firms - experience productivity losses during protection. These results are consistent with recent theories showing that trade policy affects firms differently depending on their initial productivity.     

Heterogeneous responses of firms to trade protection

This paper estimates the effect of antidumping protection on the productivity of domestic import-competing firms. Two key results emerge. First, the productivity of the average firm receiving protection moderately improves, but this is never sufficient to close the productivity gap with firms never involved in antidumping cases. Second, allowing for firm heterogeneity reveals that domestic firms with relatively low initial productivity – laggard firms – have productivity gains during protection, while firms with high initial productivity – frontier firms – experience productivity losses during protection. These results are consistent with recent theories showing that trade policy affects firms differently depending on their initial productivity.     

Return on investment for workplace training: the Canadian experience

One of the central problems in managing technological change and maintaining a competitive advantage in business is improving the skills of the workforce through investment in human capital and a variety of training practices. This paper explores the evidence on the impact of training investment on productivity in 14 Canadian industries from 1999 to 2005. Our productivity analysis demonstrates that in 12 out of 14 industries, training had a positive effect on productivity. However, when the analysis is put within a financial context, the return on investment was positive in only four industries. Faced with negative rates of return, why should managers in most of the industries in the study promote investment in training? Probably the best explanation is that new technology requires an investment in training. The investment in training is necessary just for the firm to maintain its current labour productivity. Employee turnover necessarily impedes the efficacy of training, because trained workers leave, and untrained workers arrive. Thus, training in this instance again is necessary just to maintain current labour productivity.     

Temporary trade and heterogeneous firms

Using Hungarian firm-transaction level export data, we show that about one third of firm–destination and about one half of firm–product–destination export spells are short-lived, or temporary, each year. This is in odds with theories where comparative advantage is stable and market entry costs are sunk. We show how endogenous choice between variable and sunk cost trade technologies can explain the empirical importance and some characteristics of temporary trade. We build a model in which the likelihood of temporary trade depends on productivity and capital cost of the firm as well as well-known gravity variables of destinations. These predictions are borne out by the data; the likelihood of permanent trade, defined by a simple filter, rises with firm productivity, financial stability, proximity and GDP of destination countries.     

汇率、贸易壁垒与企业“诱发性”对外投资决策

将汇率冲击、贸易壁垒与"诱发性"对外直接投资置于一个理论框架下,揭示其间的诱发机制与综合传导路径,得出结论如下:跨越贸易壁垒是诱发企业对外投资行为的重要动因,汇率对直接投资流出可能具有"双向性"作用;在遭遇东道国反倾销威胁时,市场规模对企业对外投资的"跨越"动机起到制约作用;企业拥有的成本优势越具备"可转移"特征,越容易"诱发"对外直接投资的形成;行业内产品差异化程度越高,则越能"诱发"企业从事对外投资。     

Deforestation,foreign demand and export dynamics in Indonesia

This paper presents a dynamic, heterogeneous firm model of investment in environmental abatement and exporting. The model highlights the interaction between firms' environmental investment and export decisions on the evolution of productivity and export demand in timber manufacturing industries. The model is structurally estimated using Indonesian timber manufacturing data that captures firm-level variation in environmental investment and export behavior. The results suggest that environmental abatement has little impact on productivity dynamics, but does encourage growth in export demand. Counterfactual experiments quantify the impact of policy change on trade and abatement decisions.     

The decision to export: Firm heterogeneity,sunk costs,and spatial concentration

Integrating perspectives of the Uppsala model of internationalization process, international new ventures and trade theories of heterogeneous firms, this paper develops a dynamic discrete-choice model of export decisions by a profit-maximizing firm. Empirical analyses based on a panel data set of Chinese firms show that sunk costs, productivity, firm size, foreign ownership, industry competition and spatial concentration are positively associated with the decision to export, while state ownership has a negative association with the probability of exporting. However, we find that the relationships are not always uniform and depend on firm-specific idiosyncrasies. The results show that foreign-invested firms and large firms (regardless of ownership) rely on productivity performance related advantages for expanding overseas, while domestic firms, especially small- and medium-sized enterprises, build competitive advantage by leveraging agglomeration economies and the associated spillovers. Our results highlight the role of firm heterogeneity, sunk costs and spatial concentration in shaping the export behavior of firms.