对我国企业年金税收优惠政策的思考

税收优惠政策不到位已成为制约我国企业年金制度发展的瓶颈.本文对我国目前的税收优惠政策进行了详细归纳和解析,在此基础上建议政府进一步提高税收立法层次、加大优惠力度、明确税收模式,从而为企业年金的快速、长期发展提供充分的税收支持.     

中国企业年金制度的税收政策讨论

企业年金的税收优惠政策是企业年金制度设计中的关键环节。目前我国有关企业年金税收优惠的政策凌乱而不成体系。因此设计一个既能鼓励企业年金事业发展、又能避免有人钻政策漏洞的税收优惠政策,对于我国企业年金的发展有着极为重要的意义。     

目标替代率下的企业年金缴费率——基于税收优惠视角分析

企业年金作为我国养老保险体系中的第二支柱,因缺乏税收优惠政策而发展滞后,难以形成对基本养老保险的有力补充。通过将税收优惠政策和企业年金缴费率联系在一起进行考察,建立年金基金平衡模型,计算出为实现企业年金的目标替代率政府应实行多大程度的税收优惠政策。并运用成本——收益理论对这一税收优惠政策进行可行性评价,最终得到企业年金税收优惠政策能够以较小成本换来企业年金较大发展,并能够较大程度地提高整个社会福利水平的结论。     

关于我国企业年金的冷思考

目前,我国企业年金发展存在突出问题,影响着国家三支柱养老保险体系政策目标的实现。企业年金的发展动力,来自企业年金的税收优惠政策激励和企业年金的人力资源管理效应。因受相关因素的影响,我国企业年金的发展动力不足：一是企业年金税收优惠政策缺陷;二是企业缴费能力限制;三是我国劳动力状况及年金基金投资收益引起的企业需求不足。综合考虑这些因素,企业年金的发展机遇与挑战并存。     

从企业年金的双重属性看当前中国企业年金发展

企业年金是由企业为员工建立的一种补充性养老金.作为对国家基本养老保险的补充,企业年金具有商业和社会双重属性.企业年金在我国已经有二十余年的发展历程,但仍存在规模偏小,发展失衡,税收优惠政策不到位,员工参与机制不够健全等问题.本文从企业年金的双重属性出发对其发展中的问题进行了深入剖析,并提出了对策建议.     

我国企业年金发展面临的难题探究

企业年金是发达国家应对老龄化、构建多层次养老保险体系的重要支柱.我国在老龄化加速,"未富先老"的人口条件下,建立多元化养老体系是必然选择.目前我国企业年金发展面临的最大问题是中小企业年金发展缓慢,本文分析原因,提出要加快中小企业年金的发展,长期任务是改善中小企业生存发展的经济环境,近期工作是通过出台税收优惠政策、降低中小企业建立年金的门槛等措施,有效推进企业年金的较快发展.     

财税体制改革背景下的企业年金税收优惠政策研究

财税体制改革影响到社会经济生活的方方面面,特别是在我国人口日益老龄化,养老危机不断加重的今天,税收优惠政策对于化解我国养老危机,促进建立"三支柱"养老保障体系发挥着极其重要的作用。完善和实施税收优惠政策已经成为促进我国企业年金发展的关键要素。企业年金作为养老保障体系的第二支柱,正受到越来越多国家关注,年金收入已成为很多国家职工退休收入的主要来源。而我国职工退休收入主要来源于"第一支柱"基本养老保险,"第二支柱"企业年金却发展及其滞后,这种不平衡局面已经严重影响到我国养老保障体系安全。文章将企业年金税收政策置于我国财税体制改革总体背景之下进行考察,通过分析影响制约企业年金发展的因素,提出了完善我国企业年金税收优惠政策的措施。     

中国企业年金个人所得税优惠模式选择

我国已建立了由基本养老保险、企业年金和个人储蓄养老保险组成的多支柱养老保险制度,但作为第二支柱的企业年金发展缓慢,覆盖面还很狭窄,其主要原因在于我国企业年金个人所得税优惠政策不完善,税收优惠模式不清晰。因此,完善我国企业年金个人所得税优惠政策和明确税收优惠模式成为我国企业年金发展的必然选择。从长远看,我国企业年金的最优个人所得税优惠模式应为EET,但在现阶段现实的个人所得税优惠模式应是变体的EET。     

税收优惠:推动企业年金发展的引擎

企业年金是多层次社会养老保险体系的第二支柱,也是基本养老保险的重要补充.企业年金由企业自主建立,但是又离不开国家政策的指导,其中,税收优惠政策是国家为了鼓励企业年金计划的建立,而在税收制度方面采取的优惠措施.它不仅是国家鼓励和扶持建立企业年金的一个基本政策,也是企业年金发展最核心的问题.     

对建立企业年金的税收优惠政策分析

中国正处于建立和完善有中国特色的养老保障体系的阶段,建立一个与中国国情相适应的企业年金制度对中国的养老保障体系的建立意义重大。但是中国的企业年金覆盖范围十分有限,诸多原因造成这种状况,其中最重要的一点是没有很好利用税收优惠政策,致使企业年金在中国难以推行。收税优惠政策对于引导企业年金制度的建立有重要意义,通过对成本分析和效益分析认为税收优惠政策能够认引致企业年金的建立,由此产生的正外部效应远远大于其消极影响。     

DEFINED CONTRIBUTION PLANS, DEFINED BENEFIT PLANS, AND THE ACCUMULATION OF RETIREMENT WEALTH

The private pension structure in the United States, once dominated by defined benefit (DB) plans, is currently divided between defined contribution (DC) and DB plans. Wealth accumulation in DC plans depends on a participant's contribution behavior and on financial market returns, while accumulation in DB plans is sensitive to a participant's labor market experience and to plan parameters. This paper simulates the distribution of retirement wealth under representative DB and DC plans. It uses data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) to explore how asset returns, earnings histories, and retirement plan characteristics contribute to the variation in retirement wealth outcomes. We simulate DC plan accumulation by randomly assigning individuals a share of wages that they and their employer contribute to the plan. We consider several possible asset allocation strategies, with asset returns drawn from the historical return distribution. Our DB plan simulations draw earnings histories from the HRS, and randomly assign each individual a pension plan drawn from a sample of large private and public defined benefit plans. The simulations yield distributions of both DC and DB wealth at retirement. Average retirement wealth accruals under current DC plans exceed average accruals under private sector DB plans, although DC plans are also more likely to generate very low retirement wealth outcomes. The comparison of current DC plans with more generous public sector DB plans is less definitive, because public sector DB plans are more generous on average than their private sector DB counterparts.     

Public or Private Orientation of Pension Systems in the Light of the Recent Financial Crisis

This paper studies the appropriateness of a public or private orientation of pension systems in the light of the recent financial crisis, which has underscored the difficulties and contradictions associated with each system. The different institutional arrangements, in which public or private pension systems are embedded, are key components when assessing their responses to the crisis. Particularly, private pension systems are intertwined with financial markets, while social insurance-based pension systems are linked to the labour market mechanisms. This paper compares the British and French pension systems, as “archetypes” of private-oriented and public-oriented systems, respectively, the first relying on the market and private pension schemes, and the second on mandatory social insurance. This paper shows that the crisis has upheld the founding principles of the public (French) and private (British) pension systems to maintain the existing institutional configurations. At the same time, both systems have strengthened the role played by means-tested benefits and minimum pensions for low-income groups to offset the weaknesses of one or the other system, as emphasised by the crisis.     

Reforming occupational pension schemes: the case of the Netherlands

In many countries, occupational plans are being reformed away from defined-benefit (DB) to defined-contribution (DC) designs. This paper explores the case of the Netherlands, which features a particularly high ratio of occupational pension assets to GDP. Dutch occupational DB plans suffer from a number of serious weaknesses, including ambiguous ownership of assets, back-loading of benefits, and lack of tailor-made risk management. To address these weaknesses, we propose collective individual DC plans that are actuarially fair. These schemes maintain important strengths of collective schemes, such as mandatory saving, collective procurement, and pooling of biometric risks. At the same time, they eliminate intergenerational conflicts about risk management and distribution through transparent individual property rights on financial assets and tailor-made risk profiles in individual accounts. We show how the transitional burden due to phasing out the back-loading of pension benefits can be addressed without a substantial increase in contributions.     

国外职业年金的运作模式选择

目前世界各国的职业年金计划运作模式主要有给付确定型计划和缴费确定型计划两种.针对两种职业年金计划运作模式,结合英国、波兰和美国的职业年金改革实践,从受益者角度看,两种制度各有利弊.缴费确定型计划近年来在各国迅速取代给付确定型计划模式,而中国的企业年金计划则选择基金制的缴费确定型计划运作模式.     

机关事业单位养老保险制度的人性化选择

伴随着城镇企业养老保险制度的逐渐完善,建立机关事业单位养老保险制度无疑是目前社会养老保险工作中最棘手的难题。由于过去城镇内部养老保险“二元化”特征导致现阶段对机关事业单位试点和改革存在诸多的分歧,试图在过去改革试点和城镇养老保险改革的经验基础上,以最终建立全国统一的社会保障制度为目标,力图最小化转制成本,对机关事业单位养老保险制度建立的原则和框架问题做一些探索。     

中国企业职工养老保险替代率的实证研究——基于缴费确定型企业年金与基本养老金的对比分析

替代率是企业养老保险方案设计的关键参数,也是政府制定社会养老决策的关键因素之一.企业年金是多支柱养老保险体系的重要组成部分,关系到中国未来养老体系的健康发展.对养老保险替代率的研究发现,基本养老镏金与企业年金对参与人的经济影响并不确定,因此,制定养老金政策须考虑相关的限制条件,政策倾向应有所差异和侧重,以保证政策目标的实现.     

Pension funds' allocations to hedge funds: an empirical analysis of US and Canadian defined benefit plans

This article investigates the characteristics of US and Canadian pension funds that allocate assets to hedge funds. The typical pension fund that invests in hedge funds is a large sophisticated pension fund that diversifies its portfolio across numerous classes of investments, private equity in particular, uses a core-satellite organization and has access to low delegation costs for alternative assets. Moreover, we find that pension funds investing in hedge funds significantly obtained higher global returns.     

UK state pension deferral incentives and sustainability

Pay-as-you-go state pension schemes such as that operated in the United Kingdom face growing pressures from the rising old-age dependency ratio and improvements to life expectancies. Alongside compulsory increases in the statutory retirement age, governments have used incentives to encourage workers to postpone voluntarily their exit from employment, deferring their Basic State Pension in exchange for the additional financial reward of an enhanced pension at a later point in time. The impact of pension deferral upon the sustainability of the state pension system is dependent on the interplay of short-term savings from payment delay and increased subsequent longer-term payments to pension recipients. This article presents a model that simulates the financial effect of deferral uptake on the National Insurance Fund over a 40-year projection under alternative scenarios, including current and revised post-2016 deferral incentives. The findings indicate that the recent change in enhancement rate from 10.4 per cent to 5.8 per cent will significantly impact on state pension sustainability while still providing an incentive to defer. We estimate that any reduction below 4 per cent would result in zero uptake of the deferral option, based on a rational financial choice.     

养老金发展的影响因素分析——基于美国私营养老金发展的实证研究

本文以自愿原则的美国私营养老金的发展为例,对影响养老金发展的诸多因素进行了量化的分析,得出如下结论:经济发展水平,包括金融资本市场的发展水平是影响养老金资产最终积累额的最重要因素.