对污染产业跨国转移的经济学分析与我国对策

随着中国对外开放水平的不断深入，大量的外资进入中国，外资的进入一方面缓解了中国经济建设的资金不足问题，促进了经济发展；另一方面也加速了国际产业向中国的转移。伴随着国际产业的转移，大量的污染产业也转移到国内，因此有必要从经济学的视角分析污染产业跨国转移的原因以及对中国贸易环境的影响，以便制定相应的措施减少污染产业向中国的转移。     

产业转移政策有效性研究

为了实现增长极扩散效应和区域协调发展目标,缩小区域差距,不少地方实施了产业转移政策,试图推动产业向欠发达地区的转移,带动欠发达地区的经济发展,但效果不甚理想。该文从产业转移政策及其有效性入手,探讨了产业转移政策有效性的影响因素,分析了目前的现状,提出了相应的对策建议。     

对污染产业跨国转移的经济学分析及我国对策

随着中国对外开放水平的不断深入,大量的外资进入中国。外资的进入一方面缓解了中国经济建设的资金不足问题,促进了经济发展；另一方面也加速了国际产业向中国的转移。伴随着国际产业的转移,大量的污染产业也转移到国内。因此有必要从经济学的视角分析污染产业跨国转移的原因以及对中国贸易环境的影响,以便制定相应的措施减少污染产业向中国的转移。     

环境管制视角下污染产业转移的实证分析——以江苏省为例

随着经济全球化的发展,国际资本的频繁流动,引发了人们对于污染产业转移的相关讨论.有人认为发达国家通过加强环境管制,将污染产业转移到迫切需要资金的发展中国家.基于这一认识,本文以江苏省为研究样本,对其近年来的外商投资数量、行业结构及污染情况进行了实证分析和相关关系验证,其结果显示,环境管制对江苏省外商投资于污染产业的行为起到了一定的遏制作用,但同时也发现,目前江苏省的环境污染主要来源于国内企业.     

产业梯度转移过程中陕西污染产业承接影响因素浅析

承接产业转移对优化陕西产业结构,缩小区域差距,促进区域协调发展具有积极意义。但产业转移中,陕西承接的大多是“三高”产业,随着东部转移项目的持续进入,陕西已面临环境恶化的现实压力。为促进产业承接的健康发展,必须分析影响陕西污染产业承接的因素,采取积极有效措施,将环境风险的防范和化解纳入产业承接战略。     

“十二五”我国国家产业转移政策的特征、重点与趋势

国家产业转移政策是国家从全局和战略出发,先在发挥市场配置要素资源的基础作用,注重中央政策的引导,以优化生产力布局和促进产业转型升级为导向,促进产业在不同发展水平区域之间实现调整。本文就在这些政策的特征、重点与趋势作了较为深入的阐述。     

绿色壁垒与污染产业转移成因及对策研究

环境标准的变化使企业生产的外部成本产生变化,由此引起总成本梯度数量的变化,进而影响企业利润最大化的路径的大小。发展中国家环境标准相对较低,内在化的外部成本的增长率较小,产品的国际竞争力较强,利润的增长率较大,被发达国家认为是生态倾销,所以设置绿色壁垒加以限制。发达国家环境标准相对较高,外部成本的增长率较大,利润的增长率较小,为实现利润最大化,企业会将污染产业转移到环境规则较低的地区。对此,我们必须采取积极的应对措施。     

我国东、西部地区污染密集产业转移比较研究

随着我国加入WTO和西部大开发的进行,进入中西部地区的外资逐渐增多,许多被东部地区拒绝接受的污染密集型产业转移到中西部地区,形成工业产值“东迁”,工业污染“西移”,给当地带来了一定的生产污染,给本来就脆弱的西部生态环境增加了新的负担。基于这样的现实,本文从引进外资和跨国污染转移的角度出发,对比分析东、西部差异,指出外商直接投资与污染产业在东西部的转移规律,并提出了相应对策。     

环境规制、污染外部性与产业空间分布演化研究

近年来,中国经济快速增长引发的生态环境问题日益凸显,污染外部性呈现时空演化的特征,由此环境规制水平也不断提高。由于不同地区环境规制差异及其本身随时间的变化,以及区域、企业应对环境规制的能力和措施差异,这会导致区域及企业竞争力改变,改变生产要素的流动机制,引发产业空间分布演化,大量污染性产业如化工、冶金及印染等由环境规制强度高的地区以招商引资为主要形式引进环境强度低的地区,进而带来环境时空维度的污染转移,这一现状正是形成我国部分地区生态环境问题得以解决,而整体形势却见效甚微的根源所在。文章在数据统计、资料查找与文献研究的基础上,首先分析我国污染外部性、环境规制与产业空间分布演化的时空演变特征,以理论研究和数据分析为切入点构建污染外部性、环境规制与产业空间分布演化三者机理关系;然后基于统计指标进行实证分析,并运用LLC检验、Fisher-ADF检验、Fisher-PP检验等多种方法进行检验,研究表明环境规制是造成具有污染负外部性的产业空间演化的重要成因;最后提出法律措施等政策建议。     

改革开放以来中国技术转移政策演变趋势、问题与启示

研究了改革开放以来中国技术转移政策演变过程、趋势与问题, 剖析了改革开放以来中国技术转移发展的4个阶段及特征,阐释了重心下移和市场驱动等政策趋势,指出了放权不够、协同性较差、执行力不够、考核不严等技术转移政策存在的问题。最后,提出加强政策协同、下放权力、市场导向、高位推动完善考核等政策建议。     

环境政策综合化与企业环境管理自组织机制的培育

发达国家环境政策的演化并不是新工具对旧工具的取代,而是环境政策体系与工具的不断丰富与综合。基于环境问题的复杂性与模糊性,企业环境外部性问题的真正内化,依赖于企业环境管理自组织机制的培育。因此,环境政策应以培育与发展企业环境管理自组织为目标,环境政策综合化是适应不同企业处于不同环境管理自组织水平的需要。根据企业环境管理自组织水平,相机抉择实施不同环境政策,才能发挥政策的效力。     

Limits and Cycles of Environmental Policy

The OLG-model analyzes emissions of an accumulative pollutant in a laissez-faire economy and an economy regulated through a government controlled license market. The government either takes the price on the license market as given or sells the licenses demanded at the Cournot price. The first type of regulation is called a 'liberal environmental policy', and the second type a 'monopolistic environmental policy'. The forward looking temporary and the stationary equilibria as well as the pollution boundaries of the mechanisms are studied. If people can choose between laissez-faire and regulation (or between the liberal and the monopolistic environmental policy regime), then in general no steady state exists. Instead endogenous policy cycles can alternate between laissez-faire and regulation or between liberal and monopolistic regulation.     

Political Competition, Rent Seeking and the Choice of Environmental Policy Instruments

This paper investigates the impact of political lobbying on the choice of environmental policy instruments. It is argued that the prevalence of pollution emission standards over more efficient policy instruments may result from rent seeking behaviour. The model further predicts that when an emission standard is used to control pollution, rival political parties have an incentive to set the same standard. There is therefore a convergence of policies. Moreover, it is shown that emission taxes are more likely to be supported and proposed by political parties which represent environmental interest groups. This feature appears to accord with the observed support for environmental taxes by Green parties in Europe, Australia, New Zealand and elsewhere.     

When Environmental Policy is Superfluous: Growth and Polluting Resources

In a research–driven endogenous growth model, a non–renewable resource gives rise to pollution. Consumption may either grow or decline along the optimal balanced growth path, but the (flow) pollution level necessarily diminishes continuously. Any positive balanced growth path is sustainable. Utility may improve, even though consumption declines. Although positive growth is optimal, the market economy may nevertheless result in permanently declining consumption possibilities. At the same time, a growth–enhancing government policy may improve long–run environmental conditions. The pollution externality does not distort the decisions of the market economy, so that a specific environmental policy is superfluous.
JEL classification : O 41; Q 20; Q 28; Q 32     

Voluntary Environmental Agreements and Competition Policy

Voluntary environmental agreements are oftensuspected to promote collusive practicesbetween participating firms. The paperaddresses the antitrust implications ofGermany's voluntary Dual Management System forPackaging Waste Collection and Recycling (DSD). It uses analytical tools of the economictheory of the firm to examine features ofDSD's governance structure that were oftenidentified to impede competition. While thepaper does not argue that DSD performs asefficiently as a hypothetical solution in amore competitive setting, it shows that thesefeatures have an economic rationale from theviewpoint of the theory of the firm. Thegeneral conclusion is that it is necessary tocarefully analyze the institutional fine-tuningof a voluntary agreement in order to derive theoverall impact stemming from a formal lack ofcompetition. A more case-to-case-oriented,institutional research approach could thereforefruitfully supplement model-driven, theoreticalanalyses of voluntary environmental agreementsand their effect on market competition.     

我国环境治理政策研究

当前我国的环境问题与经济增长一样令世人所瞩目,而各种环境治理措施并未产生良好的效果,我国政府应深入思考其深层原因.本文介绍了我国的环保现状和治理环境手段,并对环境治理效果进行了分析,最终得出了导致环境治理手段失效的症结所在.     

瑞典环境保护的政策与目标

瑞典是世界上实施环境保护最为严格的国家之一,政府致力于建设绿色福利国家。瑞典政府环境保护的总目标是实现可持续发展,在一代人时间范围内,为后代留下一个没有环境问题的社会。为此,瑞典政府制定了零污染的环境保护政策和一系列明确的环境保护目标以及实现这些目标的战略与措施,为全国各部门、各地方的环境规划与行动提供统一框架,是瑞典所有环境相关发展的规范。本文介绍了瑞典环境目标的沿革与16项环境质量目标的具体内容,可供政府有关部门参考与借鉴。     

Strategic Environmental Policy, Clean Technologies and the Learning Curve

In the political discussion, it is often emphasized that the environmental service industry (which produces a clean factor of production) benefits from an early and strong environmental policy. This is especially likely if the costs of production are decreasing over time due to learning curve effects. Surprisingly, the environmental service industry has not been integrated into the theory of strategic environmental policy yet. Our main question is whether a national leadership in environmental policy can pay off if profits of the environmental service industry are taken into account. We consider a two-period model with one firm in each country competing on a third market. Emissions can be substituted by the clean factor when deciding upon the production technology. The unit costs of producing the clean factor in the second period are decreasing in the quantity produced in the initial period. We derive the optimal environmental policy for both periods from a national point of view and show that the presence of the environmental service industry can indeed lead to a national leadership in pollution control.     

农业面源污染控制的一体化环境经济政策体系研究

农业面源污染由于排放主体的分散性和隐蔽性、污染发生的随机性、污染负荷的时空差异性,使得农业面源污染具有很强的外部性、不确定性和非对称信息,这是农业面源污染控制的理论依据。文章在对农业面源污染控制面临的污染控制成本不确定性、污染者排污水平不确定性进行理论分析后,构建了农业面源污染控制的一体化环境经济政策体系,指出农业面源污染控制须针对各责任主体设计独特化、具体化、精确化、针对性的环境经济政策。     

我国现行环境政策调整与出口产品“环境竞争力”的提升

加入WTO后,我国要在该组织框架下接受贸易自由化与环境保护两股潮流的双重挑战,应对发达国家层出不穷的绿色贸易壁垒。如何合理调整国内现行的一些与WTO规则相矛盾的环境政策,提升出口产品的环境竞争力,促进我国经济与社会的可持续发展,将是我国加入WTO后急需解决的新问题。本文在对环境竞争力概念进行分析的基础上,界定了影响环境竞争力的主要因素。从国际、国内两个方面论述了当前我国环境政策所面临的挑战,及其调整方向。进而,提出今后提高我国出口产品环境竞争力的对策建议。