Road Pricing I

Readers of Economic Affairs , the Journal of the IEA, are invited to contribute to this section notes on previous articles, other IEA publications, and emerging ideas in economics. All such contributions must be typed double-spaced, not exceed 750 words, and be addressed to Kenneth Smith, Letters & Comments Editor, Economic Affairs , 2 Lord North Street, London SW1P 3LB.     

How to Make Road Pricing Popular

Can road pricing be made popular? Phillip Goodwin, director of the Oxford University Transport Studies Group, explains how road pricing could be made popular with the electorate - and politicians.     

Electronic Road Pricing for Public Transport

It is increasingly recognised that some form of rationing of congested road space is urgently required. Electronic road pricing would lead to a more rational use of private and public transport, and would influence the development of our towns and cities in the future.     

Road Pricing and the Edge worth Paradox

Can road pricing cure traffic congestion? Dr Martin Mogridge, of the Transport Studies Unit of University College London, explains how taxing cars and subsidising buses could reduce traffic congestion. Readers who may find Dr Mogridge's technical argument difficult should refer to the box.     

Road Pricing: Solving the Technical Problems

How would road pricing work? Peter Hills and Phil Blythe, of Newcastle University, explain the technical developments which make a variety of road pricing schemes a genuine possibility.     

城市交通拥挤收费的问题研究

在分析国外交通拥挤收费成功经验基础上,对实施交通拥挤收费的必要交通条件进行了归纳,并指出我国实行拥挤收费所面临的特有的困难,这其中包括收费制度难确定,实施成本较高,现阶段公交系统不能提供有效支撑,公众难以接受等。故本文认为在上述问题未解决之前,实施拥挤收费并不能取得良好效果。     

我国城市路边停车定价方法研究

本文运用决策分析方法,采用制度经济学和次优定价理论的思想,针对路边停车的政府直接管理模式建立了单层非线性决策分析模型,该模型中对停车需求预测采用了基于出行的Logit预测模型,针对路边停车的企业管理建立了两层优化非线性决策分析模型,并给出了该模型的遗传算法求解过程。结合广州市停车管理研究中有关数据,实证分析了广州市路边停车定价问题,计算出路边停车最优价格,并制定了相应的路边停车定策略。     

股票基本定价与定价模型的选择

现代市场经济发展的主要方面之一是金融发展。在发达的市场经济条件下,每个国家、企业和个人的经济活动都离不开金融。人们从事金融活动的欲望越强烈,社会资本积累的速度就越快。尤其在资本总量一定的情况下,金融活动越活跃,货币与资本市场越发达,资金的使用效率就越高。经济发展水平高,人们对投资与储蓄的要求就会多样化,从而也会促进金融工具创新的多样化,导致融资方式和融资渠道多样化,而金融的发展,又可以加速经济     

基于资费的网间结算理论:统一定价

在多数发展中国家,由于缺乏成本研究所必需的数据和资源,监管机构在制定网间互联政策时,通常采用一些特殊的结算规则。本文提出了不同于DT模型的基于资费的结算规则,并利用LRT模型框架分析了该结算规则。分析结果表明,网络竞争均衡的存在性取决于网络替代性和结算价格系数的大小,互联双方可能将结算价格系数作为合谋工具。与基于成本结算规则相比,当两者的结算价格相等时,基于资费结算规则具有更低的均衡零售价格,这意味着基于资费结算规则强化了零售市场价格竞争。     

Pricing unexpected illiquidity

The well documented positive relation between returns and lagged illiquidity suggests that illiquidity is a priced characteristic of stocks. Recent studies suggest that stock returns are inversely related to the contemporaneous unexpected illiquidity, which is consistent with price revisions to reflect realized illiquidity. This study analyzes the relations between stock returns and illiquidity innovations and finds that that the negative illiquidity shock premium persists beyond the contemporaneous interval. However, transaction costs overwhelm any potential profits from strategies that attempt to exploit the price adjustments to the shocks, suggesting the markets are efficient with respect to illiquidity information.     

Pricing Political Rallies

Why are political rallies free to attend? Fundraising is a central campaign activity and a perennial correlate of political victory. We argue that politicians set a zero price for rallies in order to reap a non‐pecuniary benefit: political support. An ‘allocation by waiting’ scheme selects those attendees with a lower opportunity cost of time relative to a standard ‘allocation by price’ scheme. Transactions costs mitigate Coasean bargaining by removing the secondary market, thereby altering the composition of the average rally crowd. This mechanism allows politicians to facilitate exchange with ‘general interests’: citizens who do not engage in rent seeking due to collective action costs but still stand to gain from redistributive policies.     

期权定价模型及在技术商品定价中的应用

本文在介绍期权定价理论和分析技术商品期权特性的基础上,提出了技术商品的期权定价法,从而为技术商品的定价提供了一条新的途径。     

Nonlinear Pricing and Oligopoly

We consider the general problem of price discrimination with nonlinear pricing in an oligopoly setting where firms are spatially differentiated. We characterize the nature of optimal pricing schedules, which in turn depends importantly upon the type of private information the customer possesses–either horizontal uncertainty regarding brand preference or vertical uncertainty regarding quality preference. We show that as competition increases, the resulting quality distortions decrease, as well as price and quality dispersions. Additionally, we indicate conditions under which price discrimination may raise social welfare by increasing consumer surplus through encouraging greater entry.     

异质投资者与资产定价:一个新的资本资产定价模型

关于资产价格的研究，大多是建立在完关市场的假设下。本文提出了一个不完关市场中的资产定价模型。从投资者的资金成本差异和信息不对称的角度出发，探讨了不确定状态下异质投资者对资产价格的影响，并从模型的讨论结果中得到了一些政策含义。     

供热价格制订的理论探讨

本文概述了供热价格的三种定价方法,对比分析了平均成本定价法和边际成本定价法,介绍了供热成本的主要影响因素,最后用边际理论对两部制热价的合理性进行了论证。     

短生命周期产品的一种定价策略

考虑了短生命周期产品的无形变质,为了得到离散的价格计划表,我们将产品的生命周期均匀地划分为几段,求解出每段时间内产品的平均价值。最后生产商根据平均价值来制定价格,这样产品的价格在一段时间是稳定的,且生产商也能够在整个生命周期的不同时期得到相应的折扣价格。     

中国清单计价规范与英美清单计价差异分析

本文通过梳理国内的四种清单计价规范在国内外核电项目的适用情况,研究英国和美国的主要清单计价体系和规范进行以及核电厂的费用构成,对中外清单计价规范进行了对比,找出了国内外清单计价规范的主要差异,总结分析了国内清单计价规范在出口核电项目中的适应性,并提出了针对出口核电项目的清单计价规范的改进方向。