The impacts of environmental pollution and brain drain on income inequality

This paper establishes a two-sector general equilibrium model of a small open economy to examine the impact of environmental pollution on income inequality via brain drain. The results of the equilibrium modelling show that environmental pollution in the source country can widen the income gap between skilled and unskilled workers and that brain drain caused by environmental pollution will amplify this effect; furthermore, improving the environmental quality in the recipient country will widen the skilled-unskilled income gap in the source country. Our empirical results show that deteriorating the environmental quality in the source country increases income inequality and that brain drain caused by environmental quality will amplify the effect. Our sample is divided into four sub-samples: stage of national development, level of national income, status of environmental pollution and situation of brain drain. We find that environmental pollution has different effects on income inequality via brain drain in these sub-samples. Comparing the heterogeneous components of environmental quality, we find that brain drain caused by diminished ecosystem vitality and by air quality affecting human health will widen income inequality but that other factors related to environmental quality have no significant impacts on the effect of brain drain on income inequality. The results of a robustness test support these conclusions.     

Pollution in a globalized world: Are debt transfers among countries a solution?

We analyze the effects of a debt relief, that is, a decrease in public debt of a low-income country financed by a high-income country, on environmental quality. Under perfect mobility of assets, the debt relief increases the overall capital stock, and environmental quality when public abatements are sufficiently efficient. Welfare in both countries can also improve. Under a weak mobility of assets, capital does no more increase in the richest country, but environmental quality can improve. This comes from a crowding-out effect of debt in the high-income country, which does no more take place when the mobility of assets is significant.     

提高环境监测质量管理研究

环境保护是人类生存与可持续发展的重要保证,也是保持我国经济持续高速发展的重要条件。本文介绍了我国环境监测质量管理存在的问题以及提高环境监测质量管理的对策。     

基于全球价值链视角下区域间产业转移机理与特征——以泛长三角为例

传统的产业转移理论无法解释我国区域闻产业转移进程缓慢问题。随着分工深化到产品内部,全球价值链治理下国际产业转移微观机理发生了改变,处在俘获型和层级制治理结构下我国东部地区产业集群进一步进行空间转移的能力较弱。因此,推动区域间产业转移,实现区域协调发展,必须从GVC治理结构出发,把区域经济的发展纳入到全球经济的大循环中,提供与价值链治理激励相容的机制,增加价值链环节和拉伸价值链条,立足企业网络理论构建区域网络化产业链体系和供应链体系,将产业升级寓于产业转移之中,提升集群中本土企业在GVC中竞争力。     

论污染转移的综合应对

污染转移在国际和国内都大量存在,其严重损害了弱势者的经济利益和环境利益,最终将影响全球的可持续发展。由于污染转移涉及经济、政治、环境等多方面,单一的应对手段明显存在缺陷。遏制污染转移必须综合运用道德、市场、规制和技术等手段,坚持预防和惩治并举,使污染转移得不偿失,才能取得预期的目标。     

How Does Transfer Pricing Risk Affect Premiums in Cross‐Border Mergers and Acquisitions?

This study investigates how transfer pricing risk affects the premiums in cross‐border mergers and acquisitions (M&A). Differences in the rigor of transfer pricing enforcement and the severity and clarity of rules across countries create differential risk of material costs for multinationals as they expand globally. We use 448 country‐level transfer pricing risk assessments by global transfer pricing partners and managers from two firms in 33 countries to develop a metric of country‐year transfer pricing risks. The resulting measure of transfer pricing risk is used to analyze the premiums of 3,103 cross‐border M&A from 2000 to 2012. We find that lower bid premiums are associated with higher transfer pricing risk in the target's country. We find the relation is stronger when expected future transfer pricing benefits are larger. Our results, consistent with the views of experts in the field, provide the first archival evidence that acquirers consider synergies created by future tax planning when estimating the value of a target.     

How does industrial transfer affect environmental quality? Evidence from China

Rapid industrialization has made China one of the largest pollutant emitters worldwide. The transfer of heavily-polluted industries has become urgent because of environmental problems. Some manufacturing industries, incredibly energy-intensive and pollution-intensive, have been transferred to less-developed areas for lower labor and land costs. In turn, the industrial transfer would also deteriorate the ecological quality of those areas. Along these lines, it is pivotal to examine the two-way interactions from industrial transfer and environmental quality. This paper collected panel data of 30 Chinese provinces from 2000 to 2015, using the GS3SLS method to find the interactive relationship for industrial transfer and environmental quality. The findings show that industrial transfer and environmental quality both have interactive as well as spatial spillover effects on each other significantly. Study results suggest that the industrial transfer of different provinces needs to consider the coordinated development of the whole area. It is recommended to formulate an inter-regional industrial transfer strategy to protect the environment.     

国际产业转移的趋势、优化效应及我国对策

进入新世纪以来,国际产业转移出现了不可阻挡的新趋势。通过国际产业转移对我国产业结构优化效应的分析,发现国际产业转移对我国产业结构优化升级的贡献不明显。为此,应紧紧抓住全球产业转移的契机,结合国际产业转移新趋势与我国产业结构现存的主要问题,制定和实施相应对策,以利用国际产业转移来推动我国产业结构的优化升级。     

Regional Environmental Performance and Its Determinants in China

A growing awareness of environmental quality hasplaced increasedpressure on China to improve environmental protection and regulations in the country. How have the regional economies in the country performed in terms of environmental efficiency？ The answer to this question is yet to be explored in the case of China. The objective of this paper is to present a quantitative analysis of environmental performance in China＇s regional economies and to examine the determinants of regional variation in performance. The findings are used to draw policy implications for environmental protection and are helpful in the discussion of China＇s future sustainable development.     

Does trade always harm the global environment? A case for positive interaction

We demonstrate that there are links between international tradeand environmental control, heretofore unappreciated, which mightsubstantially alter the efficacy of various governmental policiesto control pollution. One concern about national environmentalpolicies is that, whereas the benefits of certain types of abatementmight be international or even worldwide, the costs will beborne strictly by the consumers and firms of the country whichinstitutes the policy. As a result, for those types of pollutionwhich are global (such as greenhouse gases) there will be toolittle pollution abatement. Our first result is that this pessimisticconclusion may be unwarranted. In a 2 x 2 Ricardian model, wealso show cases where the non-cooperative contribution of countriesto global environmental protection, contrary to the conventionalresults, exceeds that of the cooperative one due to associatedchanges in the terms of trade. Thus, international trade isnot always a threat to global environment.     

Analysis of Impact of Urbanization on Environmental Quality in China

As a developing country with great regional disparities, China's rapid urbanization has had important impacts on environmental quality. In this study, the drivers‐mechanisms‐effects (DME) model is built, which shows how element agglomeration, scale growth, knowledge accumulation and industry evolution drive the environmental system to change during the urbanization process. An econometric regression model using provincial panel data is further constructed to empirically analyze the impacts of urbanization on environmental quality. It is shown that during the process of urbanization in China, element agglomeration and knowledge accumulation help to improve environmental quality but with weak positive effect, while growing urban scale and industrial structure have obvious negative effects on environmental quality. The “inverted‐U shape” (up first and then down) change in the environmental quality during China's urbanization process is obvious. It is critical that China concentrates on the transformations of both city development paths and urbanization models to reduce resource and environmental costs as much as possible.     

技术性贸易壁垒的保护效应研究——基于“南北贸易”的MQS分析

金融危机引发的全球经济萧条环境下,贸易保护主义通常会出现抬头的趋势,本文基于此种背景分析了开放经济条件下,一国实施技术性贸易壁垒对本国企业的保护作用。文章将各国企业生产成本的差异假设加入到质量竞争模型中,结果发现,发达国家设置技术贸易壁垒后,如果发展中国家的低技术企业可以通过研发和投资或是政府补贴达到质量标准而继续出口,则两国企业提供的产品质量都会提高,发达国家高技术企业的利润将会下降。两国生产成本的差异性会影响均衡时的质量选择和政府补贴的最低额。模型结论表明,中国企业面对技术性贸易壁垒可以通过增加研发或政府扶植而实现整体的产业及贸易结构升级。     

Growing pains for others: Using holidays to identify the pollution spillover between China and South Korea

Transboundary pollution spillovers have emerged as an important global issue in designing optimal regional economic policies. In particular, China and South Korea have been at odds over which country is the “source of evil” and responsible for their air pollution. This study investigates this issue and identifies the burden of the environmental externalities of pollution between China and South Korea. There are two novelties of this study: first, we employ a unique daily pollution indicator, that is, air visibility, to address data limitations. Second, we propose a novel identification strategy to examine the pollution spillovers of economic activities by exploiting the different holiday arrangements between China and South Korea. Evidence indicates significant bilateral environmental externalities between China and South Korea. Therefore, China and South Korea should make joint efforts to deal with their environmental challenges.     

我国经济发展指标体系的构建与应用研究——基于经济发展的数量与质量角度

经济增长与经济发展是经济学中的两个重要概念,本文把单纯的经济增长划归为经济发展的数量方面,将经济发展分为数量与质量两个方面,并基于这个划分角度构建了经济发展指标体系,提供了构建经济指标体系的一个新视角。同时,本文利用该经济发展指标体系对我国1978～2009年的宏观经济数据进行实证研究,刻画了我国经济发展全貌的变动趋势,为经济发展方面的研究提供了一个全局地图。     

环境信息披露与企业债务融资成本关系的研究——基于内部控制质量的中介效应

社会公众对实现可持续发展的愿望日益强烈,要求企业进行绿色生产的呼声越来越高,我国企业面临更加严重的环境压力。以化学制品制造业2015-2017年数据进行回归分析,研究环境信息披露与债务融资成本之间的关系问题。研究发现,进行环境信息披露能够显著降低债务融资成本,涉及具体数据的环境信息对降低企业的债务融资成本的影响更大。同时,企业内部控制质量也在其中发挥着重要的中介作用。最后,从政府和企业角度提出针对性的建议。     

A heckscher-ohlin-samuelson interpretation of the labor-environmental coalition in Seattle

The coalition of North American labor unions and environmental organizations that joined in Seattle in 1999 is examined in the context of a Heckscher-Ohlin-Samuelson simulation in which a labor abundant developing country, with a comparative advantage in a globally polluting industry but a weak environmental policy, endeavors to export some of the output of that industry to a capital abundant industrialized country but is thwarted by a trade sanction that requires it to adopt the strong environmental policy of the industrialized country as a precondition for trade. Labor unions in the industrialized country and environmental organizations both gain when the developing country complies with the sanctions but lose out when the World Trade Organization overrules the sanctions as barriers to free trade.     

中国地区工业发展与环境的协调性及决定因素

工业环境效率是工业经济增长与环境质量之间协调性程度的度量。文章使用方向性距离函数的方法处理非期望产出问题,研究我国区域的工业环境效率状况,计算和分析了东中西部地区环境效率的差异与演进趋势,研究表明：在加入污染变量后东部地区环境效率值变化程度较小,而中西部地区环境效率水平下降幅度较大。该文实证考察了制度、地域以及经济运行层面的决定因素对地区环境效率差异的影响效果,研究发现这些因素对三大地区的作用机理存在较大差别。     

Implementing Environmental Policies in Developing Countries Through Decentralization: The Case of Protected Areas in Bahia,Brazil

Governments have two apparently conflicting roles to play: promoter of economic development and protector of environmental quality. Economic development interests tend to have priority on the agenda of most developing country governments, creating obstacles to the implementation of environmental protection policies. This trend can be reversed by introducing environmental protection concerns into the mainstream development agenda by decentralizing environmental policy implementation to development-oriented agencies. In the case of the government of the Brazilian State of Bahia, the decentralized creation and administration of protected areas among several agencies at the state level primarily accounted for the ability of the state to establish a large number of protected areas.     

Development for children's environmental health in South Africa: Past gains and future opportunities

In poorly resourced countries children may face multiple health risks associated with environmental hazards and under-development. It is estimated that exposure to harmful environmental factors (e.g. air pollution, poor water quality and harmful chemicals) accounts for 33% of the global burden of disease, with the highest burden being borne by children. While accelerated housing and settlement development over the past two decades has benefitted hundreds of thousands of young children in South Africa, large numbers continue to face major environmental threats to their health, some of which have hitherto been neglected. Such children are likely to be particularly vulnerable to the unfolding ramifications of climate change. In this light greater urgency and momentum is needed to improve living conditions and other socio-environmental determinants of children's health in South Africa and other under-resourced countries. Children should be a central focus for policy and development as our global society strives to meet the Sustainable Development Goals.     

环境规制、科技创新与新型城镇化

新时代中国新型城镇化的进程同时也是科技创新与绿色发展的过程。现有关于生态文明建设中城镇化发展的研究,更多是关注环境规制对城镇化建设的影响,而忽略了环境规制基础上推动新型城镇化发展的关键是科技创新。本文运用熵值法测算了2003-2018年中国省域新型城镇化建设水平,并基于动态面板模型和面板门槛模型,检验了环境规制、科技创新对新型城镇化建设水平的影响。研究表明:第一,在不考虑科技创新时,环境规制与新型城镇化建设水平存在显著的"U"型关系,即先抑制、后促进。第二,当科技创新的方式侧重于末端治理,即为治污技术创新时,环境规制对新型城镇化建设水平的影响为先抑制、后促进;当科技创新的方式侧重于过程治理,即为生产技术创新时,环境规制与新型城镇化建设水平之间不再呈现"U"型关系,环境规制对新型城镇化建设水平始终为促进作用。第三,环境规制对新型城镇化建设水平提升存在单门槛效应,治污科技创新和生产科技创新在环境规制力度不同的情况下,对新型城镇化建设水平的提升作用存在差异。生产科技创新对新型城镇化建设的促进作用更加稳定和显著;而治污科技创新作用的发挥必须以环境规制的强度达到一定强度为前提。基于以上研究,本文...