对我国当代农民相对收入水平低的解释

由于我国当代农民的非市场势力低下,其市场势力被削弱,进而使其总体谈判势力低,以至于导致他们相对收入水平明显低于城镇居民的收入水平、其收入增长幅度跟不上经济增长的幅度。要缩小收入分配差距,必须缩小不同利益群体之间的谈判势力差距,而这需要公共权力向弱势利益群体倾斜、同时抑制强势利益群体的谈判势力的膨胀。     

Aspects of environmental quality of life that affect neighbourhood satisfaction in disadvantaged and advantaged Johannesburg communities

To ascertain which aspects of environmental quality of life affect neighbourhood satisfaction, a study was conducted with 303 tenure allocated residents of an informal settlement in Soweto, 160 residents of a squatter camp in the same informal settlement, and 375 black and 358 white residents of a middle-class Johannesburg suburb. Respondents rated their satisfaction with housing, public schools, public clinics, public transport, roads, personal safety, street lighting, household refuse removal, jobs, local government and the neighbourhood. Black suburbanites tended to be more satisfied than the other three groups with most of these aspects. Stepwise multiple regression analyses revealed that housing and personal safety accounted for 45 per cent (informal settlement), 21 per cent (squatter camp), 33 per cent (black suburbanites), and 28 per cent (white suburbanites) of the variance in neighbourhood satisfaction. The findings substantiated the importance of housing and personal safety in both disadvantaged and advantaged communities.     

Economic structural changes and rural income: Evidence from Chinese provinces during the reform period

During the reform period, the Chinese rural economy has experienced deep structural changes: cropping adjustment, agro-forestry adjustment and agro-industrial adjustment. At the same time, rural per capita income rose sharply despite some fluctuations. Using a panel data of 29 provinces from 1982 to 2001, effects of these structural changes upon both income level and income instability are assessed. The empirical results show that crop adjustment and agro-industrial adjustment can increase rural income and reduce income instability, while agro-forestry adjustment reduces both income and its instability, as a risk-management strategy.     

The limited role of the personal income tax in developing countries

In this paper we examine the re-distributive role played by personal income taxes in developing countries. We begin with some initial reflections on the re-distributive role of the tax system. We then consider the relative success of developed and developing countries in using tax systems to redistribute income. Finally, we examine some alternatives in reforming the personal income tax, as well as options available to developing countries in designing and implementing more progressive fiscal systems.     

我国的灰色收入现象浅析

在我国经济体制的转型过程中,灰色收入现象悄悄地蔓延到各种经济活动之中,造成社会分配不公加剧、大量税收流失和腐败现象肆虐等问题。在这种情况下,如何正确认识灰色收入问题就显得至关重要了。本文拟就灰色收入问题分析其来源及成因,并提出一些政策建议。     

人民币升值对国际收支的影响分析

本文针对中国国际收支平衡表中的主要项目进行分析,试图通过对我国国际收支变动的回顾,分析人民币汇率的走势并考察人民币升值对我国国际收支的影响,并给出了相关政策含义。     

西南地区环境空气质量影响因素研究

环境问题是目前国内外关注的热点问题,我国经济的粗放型增长对环境已造成一定损坏。西南地区近年经济增长迅速,保护环境甚至提高环境质量势在必行,因此本文以西南地区的空气质量为研究对象,根据现有统计数据资料,对西南地区的空气质量影响因素作统计分析。     

贸易与收入分配关系的理论和实证研究回顾

20世纪90年代末,随着全球化的急剧推进,各国非熟练劳动力的收入日益恶化且收入差距也迅速扩大,使得贸易对收入分配的影响成为各国学者研究的热点。无论是传统的国际贸易理论,还是当代的新国际贸易理论对贸易是否会影响国内收入分配这一问题上一直充满争议。本文对贸易与收入分配关系的理论和实证研究进行简单的回顾和归纳,并在分析现有研究成果的基础上指出今后这一问题的研究动向。     

Nonlinear income variance profiles and consumption inequality over the life cycle

In contrast to many other countries, consumption inequalities in Japan are not constant over household age but increase from around middle age—a fact first highlighted by Ohtake and Saito [Ohtake, F., Saito, M., 1998. Population aging and consumption inequality in Japan. Rev. Income Wealth 44, 361–381]. Given this information, we examine whether this phenomenon is consistent with the standard precautionary saving model developed by Carroll [Carroll, C.D., 1997. Buffer-stock savings and the life cycle/permanent income hypothesis. Quart. J. Econ. 62, 1–56]. Specifically, we investigate: (1) the degree of age dependence of idiosyncratic income risks; and (2) the importance of age dependence for the evolution of inequalities in consumption predicted by the household model of Carroll (1997). We find a strong age dependence of income risks, which creates a nonlinear age–variance profile of income, and the standard precautionary saving model is consistent with the observed consumption inequalities as long as we take the nonlinearity in age–variance profiles of income into account.     

Inequality of opportunity and income inequality in nine Chinese provinces, 1989–2006

While there is a large and growing body of research describing and analyzing changes in the Chinese income distribution, researchers have paid considerable less attention to inequality of opportunity. The aim of this paper is to contribute to filling this gap in the literature. The two main questions addressed empirically for the first time in a Chinese context are: to what extent are individuals’ incomes and individual income differences due to factors beyond the individual's control (in Roemer's terminology “circumstances”) and to what extent are they due to outcomes of the individual's own choices (“effort”). What is the relationship between income inequality and inequality of opportunity?For this purpose we use data from the China Health and Nutrition Survey collected from nine provinces during the period 1989 to 2006. The CHNS has detailed information about incomes and other factors enabling us to construct a host of circumstance and effort variables for the offspring.We find that China has a substantial degree of inequality of opportunity. Parental income and parents' type of employer explain about two thirds of the total inequality of opportunity. Notably, parental education plays only a minor role implying that parental connections remain important. The results show that the increase in income inequality during the period under study largely mirrors the increase in inequality of opportunity. Thus, increased income inequality does not reflect changes in effort variables, or expressed differently, increased income inequality has not been accompanied by a decrease in inequality of opportunity.     

How does industrial transfer affect environmental quality? Evidence from China

Rapid industrialization has made China one of the largest pollutant emitters worldwide. The transfer of heavily-polluted industries has become urgent because of environmental problems. Some manufacturing industries, incredibly energy-intensive and pollution-intensive, have been transferred to less-developed areas for lower labor and land costs. In turn, the industrial transfer would also deteriorate the ecological quality of those areas. Along these lines, it is pivotal to examine the two-way interactions from industrial transfer and environmental quality. This paper collected panel data of 30 Chinese provinces from 2000 to 2015, using the GS3SLS method to find the interactive relationship for industrial transfer and environmental quality. The findings show that industrial transfer and environmental quality both have interactive as well as spatial spillover effects on each other significantly. Study results suggest that the industrial transfer of different provinces needs to consider the coordinated development of the whole area. It is recommended to formulate an inter-regional industrial transfer strategy to protect the environment.     

Who trades with whom — the income pattern of international trade

Zusammenfassung Wer treibt mit wem Handel? Das Einkommensmuster im internationalen Handel. — Dieser Aufsatz zeigt für 100 L?nder das Durchschnittseinkommen der Handelspartner, und zwar sowohl für die Importals auch für die Exportseite. Diese Angaben werden mit fiktiven Durchschnittseinkommen verglichen, die sich ergeben würden, wenn die geographische Verteilung des Handels rein zuf?llig w?re. Dabei stellt sich heraus, daΒ die Abweichung der tats?chlichen von den zuf?lligen Handelspartner-Einkommen mit der geographischen Konzentration des Handels, mit dem Anteil des mit den USA geführten Handels am gesamten AuΒenhandel sowie mit dem eigenen Pro-Kopf-Einkommen des jeweils betrachteten Landes zunimmt. Der positive Einkommenseffekt zeigt, daΒ zumindest für die industrialisierten reichen L?nder das Einkommensmuster des internationalen Handels mit Linders Hypothese übereinstimmt. Sein AusmaΒ deutet allerdings darauf hin, daΒ dieser Faktor nur wenig dazu beitragen kann, die Richtung des internationalen Handels zu erkl?ren.

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Résumé Qui fait de commerce avec qui? La structure de revenu dans le commerce international. — Cet article présente des données pour cent pays sur le revenu moyen des partenaires commerciaux de chaque pays, en ce qui concerne les importations aussi bien que les exportations. Ces données sont comparées avec les revenus moyens qui résulteraient d’une structure géographique du commerce par pur hasard. Les auteurs trouvent que la divergence entre le revenu du partenaire commercial actuel et le revenu du partenaire commercial par hasard s’accroit avec la concentration géographique du commerce, avec l’importance du commerce qui est fait avec les E.U. et avec le revenu per capita du pays respectif. L’effet positif de revenu démontre que la structure de revenu en ce qui concerne le commerce des pays riches et industrialisés est conforme avec 1’ hypothése de Linder. Sa dimension, cependant, suggére aussi que ce facteur est peu important d’expliquer la direction du commerce international.

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Resumen Quièn comercia con quièn — el patron de ingresos del comercio international. — Este articulo prèsenta datos de 100 pafses sobre el ingreso promedio de los socios comerciales de un pais, tanto para importaciones como exportaciones. Estas cifras se contrastan con los ingresos promedios que se obtendrian si el patron geográfico del comercio fuera puramente al azar. Se descubrió que la divergencia entre el patron de ingresos de los socios comerciales actual y al azar aumenta con la concentracion geográfica del comercio, con la parte del comercio efectuada con los EEUU y con el ingreso per capita propio del pais. El efecto ingreso positivo muestra que el patron de ingresos del comercio, a cualquier tasa, de pafses industrializados y ricos, están de acuerdo con la hip?tesis de Linder. Su magnitud, sin embargo, sugiere tambièn que este factor es de pequena importancia para explicar la dirección del comercio international.

     

聚焦库区:低收入群体医疗保障的缺失问题

三峡库区因其特殊的地缘位置和举世瞩目的三峡工程而备受关注。本文通过对重庆三峡库区低收入群体医疗保障问题进行调查,结果显示重庆库区低收入群体的医疗保障严重缺失,由此陷入了“因病致贫、因贫生病”的恶性循环。对此,笔者有针对性地提出了对策建议。     

陕西省城乡居民收入差距的实证分析

自1981～2005年的25年间,以5年为一个考察期,对陕西省城乡居民平均绝对收入差距、平均相对收入差距进行考察和分析,发现在5个考察期中,陕西城乡居民平均绝对收入差距呈现指数增长的趋势,平均相对收入差距也在不断的上升。笔者认为只有不断对二元制度进行一元化改革和调整,以及在对农业方面进行持续和力度足够投资的基础上,才能在根本上缩小陕西城乡居民收入差距,缓解由城乡收入差距带来的各种社会矛盾,从而有利于和谐陕西早日实现。     

企业国际化发展中税收政策运用的国际比较

政府税收政策的制定和实施对企业的国际化发展起重要的促进作用,无论在发达国家还是发展中国家,税收政策都为企业的发展融入全球经济提供了必不可少的条件。随着中国经济形势的变化和发展,我国税收政策面临诸多挑战,和发达国家比较,不仅存在一些不合理的因素,甚至和有些发展中国家的某些税收政策相比,也有不足之处。本文试图分别从出口、海外引资及境外投资等3种企业国际化主要形式入手,对比典型发达国家及发展中国家与我国政府税收政策的差异、优劣,佐证企业的国际化发展绝对离不开政府税收政策的支持和指导,也离不开具体的税收制度提供的服务和帮助。     

关于国际中转港形成条件的思考:以高雄、香港和新加坡为例

国际中转港的形成是有条件的,大航商的选择、港口的经济腹地、港口的水深与设施条件、港口的自由度、港口的地理位置、港口的作业成本与效率等,都是依次影响国际中转港形成的重要因素。而大航商的选择本身也与这几个因素,特别是港口的腹地、港口的自由度和港口的地理位置密切相关。同时,国际中转港的地位并非一成不变,它可能会随着内外部环境的变化而发生转变。     

资本的权力与资本收入的性质

经典作家们关于资本收入性质的分析无疑是正确的。但在今天讨论资本收入是不是剥削收入时,应结合新的历史条件和新的实际来做科学的回答。我们认为,不能把我国现实中存在的私人资本收入一概认定为剥削收入,应该具体情况具体分析。     

外商直接投资对东道国收入分配影响的长期效应:以中国为例

本文首先提出一个理论模型。该模型考虑到外商直接投资所带来的技术进步,结果表明:在短期,外商直接投资可以减少东道国收入不平等;但是在长期,外商直接投资所引起的技术进步会抵消短期的收入不平等减少效应,其减少的幅度取决于技术进步的程度。该理论结果调和了以往文献中理论与实证的矛盾结论。然后本文利用中国自1985年到2003年30个省市的面板数据来验证该理论模型。结果发现FDI极大地增加了中国的收入不平等;但在不同区域,影响的程度不同,同时随着时间的推移,其影响在加剧。其实证分析的结果很好地验证了理论模型的结论。     

个人所得税自行纳税申报的现实约束分析

自行纳税申报制度是实行综合个人所得税课税模式的基础,目前在我国还很不完善。本文在利用税收遵从理论、激励理论有关结论的基础上,对我国现行个人所得税制及税收征管制度进行分析,找出了制约个人所得税自行申报的主要原因,并提出相关的政策建议。