“金砖国家”的经济和金融发展：一个比较性概览——金砖国家金融发展的特征与趋势（上）

在五个金砖国家中．只有中国的金融体系具有典型的银行主导型特征，而其他四国则都偏于市场主导型。如果用银行业总资产与股票市场市值之比来衡量一国金融体系的结构的话，     

“金砖国家”的经济和金融发展:一个比较性概览——金砖国家金融发展的特征与趋势(上)

在五个金砖国家中,只有中国的金融体系具有典型的银行主导型特征,而其他四国则都偏于市场主导型.如果用银行业总资产与股票市场市值之比来衡量一国金融体系的结构的话,根据世界银行和Wind资讯数据测算的结果,那么中国的金融体系结构指数为2.93,靠近典型的银行主导型国家德国和日本;南非为0.39,低于美国,表明南非的金融体系中股票市场远比银行业发达,而巴西、印度和俄罗斯则与英国接近,也属于偏向市场主导型金融体系的国家.     

中国金融体系“二元结构”对产业结构的影响研究

文章基于"二元结构"的金融体系的不同特点,研究银行主导型金融体系和市场主导型金融体系对中国产业结构优化升级的不同影响。实证研究结果表明在中国的金融结构当中,产业结构优化升级产更多是受到股票市场而非银行的影响,市场主导型的金融体系才是影响产业结构优化升级的关键因素,另外银行主导型以及市场主导型的金融制度对产业结构优化升级的作用方向也有所不同。     

主导之争

对发达国家金融体系的研究表明．这些国家的金融体系基本上可以分为两大类：银行主导型和市场主导型．前以德国和日本为代表．后以英国和美国为代表。近些年来．情况虽然发生了一些变化．但总体说来．这一分类标准基本上还适用。对于发展中国家来说．情况稍微复杂一些．存在银行主导型(如中国)．市场主导型(如马来西亚)．还有银行与市场都不发达型(如孟加拉国)。     

金融体系的比较及我国金融体系的优化

文章对银行主导型金融体系和市场主导型金融体系进行了比较,并在此基础上提出优化我国金融体系的政策建议。     

市场主导型金融体系适合中国吗?

中国金融改革已经进入了攻坚阶段,因此金融体系的选择也就显得迫在眉睫。就目前世界范围来看,主要有以美英为主的市场主导型和以法德日为主的银行主导型两种金融体系。经过分析可以发现,这些国家的金融体系很大程度上讲都是内生的。由于中国金融制度改革的外生性,因此金融体系的外生性建立就显得尤为重要。同时又由于市场主导型金融体系在金融效率、风险配置及兼顾公平等方面具有天然的优势,因此市场主导型的金融体系必将成为中国未来的战略选择。     

市场主导型和银行主导型金融体系比较分析以及我国的选择

发达国家金融体系大体可分为以市场为主导的英美模式和以银行为主导的德日模式。两者在公司治理、企业融资、风险分担、信息处理等方面部存在诸多差异,各有利弊,难以作出孰优孰劣的判断。笔者通过对这两种模式的比较分析,结合我国金融业发展路径、法律制度等方面的分析,认为正处于经济转轨时期的我国,虽然发展资本市场很重要,但近期更应侧重选择以银行为主导的金融体系,放宽对银行业的限制,允许银行持有非金融企业的股权。     

法国金融制度：由非典型的银行主导型向市场主导型演进

本文首先从量性分析角度通过对近二三十年来法国非金融企业融资结构和美国、英国、德国与日本的比较，发现了其演变趋势和特征，然后结合对企业同银行与金融市场的关系变化的质性研究，展示了法国金融制度从非典型的银行主导型向市场主导型演进的趋势和脉络，并试图探索这种正在进行的渐进式金融制度变迁的原因。     

文化差异对金融结构的影响研究

本文基于来自64个国家和地区的2000-2014年金融结构指标数据均值,实证研究文化差异对这些样本国家金融体系结构选择的影响.总体来看,金融体系受权力距离、不确定性回避和长期导向的影响较大,而不受个人/集体主义导向和宽容与约束的直接影响.具体而言,高权力距离国家支持市场主导型金融体系,低权力距离国家支持银行主导型金融体系;高不确定性回避国家偏好银行主导型金融体系,低不确定性回避国家偏好市场主导型金融体系;长期导向国家偏向市场主导型金融体系,短期导向国家偏向银行主导型金融体系.这一研究结论为各国选择金融体系结构提供了决策依据,同时也为具有高权力距离、低不确定回避和长期导向文化特征的中国金融市场化改革明示了方向.     

产业技术进步与金融的市场化趋势:基于银行与市场功能比较的分析

本文首先回顾了产业技术进步历史上影响最深远的三次技术革命,发现新兴的产业技术几乎都是最初发展于“市场主导型金融体系”的美国、英国。比较而言,“银行主导型金融体系”的日本、德国更擅长于学习和推广成熟技术。本文进而基于银行与市场功能比较的视角,分析了二者对于不同特征产业和处于生命周期不同阶段产业的作用差异,以及二者在风险管理上的功能差异。全文的主要结论是：金融市场对于推动自主创新和技术进步,并有效管理经济体系的风险具有特别重要的意义,中国的金融改革应努力构建一个市场主导型的金融体系。     

Debt and Taxes and Uncertainty

With a graduated personal tax schedule, Miller showed that there could be an equilibrium debt supply for the corporate sector as a whole. In the presence of uncertainty there is also a unique debt/equity ratio for each individual firm, and this ratio is related to the firm's operational risk characteristics. However, if firms merge and spin off in response to tax incentives, the identity of firms is ambiguous and only the corporate sector is a meaningful construct. These arguments are developed in both discrete and continuous models that employ extensions of the arbitrage-free pricing theory.     

教育与资本怎样的前景怎样的现实

来自政府的声音: "动员各种社会资源,发展教育" 此次论坛上财政部长助理张少春的发言是最受关注的发言之一.他的演讲传达出的信息有这样几方面:第一,谈到现实,他认为全社会对教育的巨大需求与我国公共投入不足已成为我国教育事业发展的突出矛盾.近年来,以公共部门投入为主,多渠道筹措教育经费的教育投入机制成为解决这一问题的重要途径,也使得公共部门与私营部门在教育领域的合作日益密切.第二,谈到前景,他认为,1.中国经济持续、快速的增长对高技能人才产生巨大的需求,这为私营部门的参与提供了广阔空间.2.随着公共财政职能的不断完善,财政资金将在各项教育事业中重新进行分配,进一步优化财政支出结构,提高资金的使用效率.在"十一五"期间,我国将把公共支出的重点转移到农村.我们将逐步把全体农村适龄儿童的义务教育全部纳入公共财政体制.     

Director gender and mergers and acquisitions

Does director gender influence CEO empire building? Does it affect the bid premium paid for target firms? Less overconfident female directors less overestimate merger gains. As a result, firms with female directors are less likely to make acquisitions and if they do, pay lower bid premia. Using acquisition bids by S&P 1500 companies during 1997–2009 we find that each additional female director is associated with 7.6% fewer bids, and each additional female director on a bidder board reduces the bid premium paid by 15.4%. Our findings support the notion that female directors help create shareholder value through their influence on acquisition decisions. We also discuss other possible interpretations of our findings.     

Political corruption and mergers and acquisitions

This research examines the relation between political corruption and mergers and acquisitions (M&As). We find that local corruption increases firm acquisitiveness but decreases firm targetiveness. The levels of corruption in acquirer areas relate positively to the bid premiums and negatively to the likelihood of deal completion. Corruption motivates acquiring firms to use excess cash for payment, which mitigates the negative effect of corruption on acquirer shareholder value. The evidence indicates that acquisitions help acquiring firms convert cash into hard-to-extract assets and relocate assets from the high to low corruption areas, thereby shielding their liquid assets from expropriation by local officials.     

East and west and north and south : A preliminary model

The Brandt report and other proposals for a new North-South world order continue to be the focus of lively debate, yet it is often argued that little concrete has emerged from their recommendations. A major reason for this, the author argues, is that the East-West conflict component is not sufficiently taken into consideration-East-West tensions are a severe constraint on and a determining factor of North-South relations. Using influence diagrams, the author develops a flexible framework for discussion and assessment of N/S-E/W relations.     

Trust and cross-border mergers and acquisitions

A number of studies suggest that social trust matters for investment. Using different measures of trust from World Values Survey, we show that countries where people display higher levels of trust engage in more cross-border M&A activities. When they do, these acquirers pay lower premiums. To the extent that these acquirers also tend to engage in larger acquisitions as well, our findings suggest that a larger selection pool of potential targets and higher value targets enable these acquirers to negotiate for lower premiums. We do not find evidence of the significant effect for target country trust levels. Hence, trust may benefit those acquiring firms in cross-border transactions.     

Tournament-based incentives and mergers and acquisitions

This research examines the relation between tournament-based incentives, which are proxied by the difference between a firm's CEO pay and the median pay of the senior managers, and mergers and acquisitions (M&As). We find that tournament-based incentives are positively related to firm acquisitiveness and acquiring firms' stock and operating performance. Further analysis indicates that positive acquisition performance increases the likelihood of the CEO being promoted from inside the acquiring firm. Our evidence is consistent with the view that tournament-based incentives motivate acquiring firms' managers to make greater efforts and take more risk that result in superior acquisition performance.     

Corporate Innovations and Mergers and Acquisitions

Using a large and unique patent‐merger data set over the period 1984 to 2006, we show that companies with large patent portfolios and low R&D expenses are acquirers, while companies with high R&D expenses and slow growth in patent output are targets. Further, technological overlap between firm pairs has a positive effect on transaction incidence, and this effect is reduced for firm pairs that overlap in product markets. We also show that acquirers with prior technological linkage to their target firms produce more patents afterwards. We conclude that synergies obtained from combining innovation capabilities are important drivers of acquisitions.