父母外出务工对农村留守儿童身心健康的影响研究

基于2015-2016年五个国定贫困县137所农村小学两期追踪调查数据,文章利用倾向得分匹配与差分模型相结合的方法实证分析了农村劳动力外出务工对留守儿童身心健康的影响及其作用机制。研究发现,父母外出总体上并不会影响儿童的身体健康,但对儿童的心理健康有显著的消极影响。进一步的检验发现,父母外出务工的"分离效应"会显著降低儿童的身心健康水平,而"收入效应"会显著改善儿童的身心健康,抵消"分离效应"的负面影响。在留守儿童规模不断扩大的背景下,充分发挥父母外出的"收入效应",减少"分离效应"是缓解农村留守儿童身心健康问题的基本思路。     

Access to paved roads,gender, and youth unemployment in rural areas: Evidence from sub-Saharan Africa

The poor development of road infrastructure is one of the main obstacles to economic activity and therefore to employment in rural areas of sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Using cross-sectional data from 31 SSA countries, this study examines, from a gender perspective, the effect of access to paved roads on youth unemployment in rural areas in the region. The seemingly unrelated bivariate probit framework has been adopted in analysing the data. This approach is used for addressing the possible endogeneity bias that occurs when the dependent variable and regressor are both endogenous and binary. The major finding of this study reveals that access to paved roads in rural areas reduces the probability that young people will face unemployment. The aforementioned is more pronounced for young women than for young men. Moreover, the greater the proximity to the road increases, the greater its reducing effect on the probability of young people being unemployed. It is therefore important that the development of road infrastructure in rural areas be at the centre of public policies to address youth unemployment in SSA countries. This will significantly increase women's empowerment, through their participation in the labour market, and the full economic participation of young people.     

农村金融发展与农村经济发展的灰色关联度研究——基于福建省的数据

建立了农村金融发展与农村经济增长的灰色关联度分析模型,对福建省农村金融发展与经济增长的相互关系进行了实证分析,并利用格兰杰因果关系检验法检验两者之间的因果关系。结果显示:农业贷款余额的增长是农林牧渔总产值增长、农业产业化经营组织的销售收入增长和以农产品为原料的工业企业产值增长的格兰杰成因;农村经济发展不是农村金融发展的格兰杰成因。     

健康冲击、数字普惠金融与家庭消费

基于中国家庭金融调查(CHFS)数据和"北京大学数字普惠金融指数",分析健康冲击对家庭消费的影响,以及数字普惠金融在其中所起的作用。基于固定效应模型的实证结果表明,健康冲击显著降低了家庭的非医疗消费支出,但数字普惠金融能有效地减轻这种影响;同时就分指标而言,数字普惠金融指标体系一级维度中的覆盖广度和使用深度,二级维度中的信贷、保险、货币基金以及支付这四个子指标均显著地平滑了冲击下的家庭消费。就作用机制而言,数字普惠金融主要通过缓解家庭流动性约束和强化非正式社交网络来帮助家庭应对健康冲击对消费的影响。异质性分析的回归结果显示,健康冲击对中西部地区、户主受教育水平较低以及金融素养水平较低的家庭影响更大,同时这种影响还与冲击的程度正相关,进而数字普惠金融的积极作用在这部分家庭中表现得更为明显。文章的研究结论进一步阐述了数字普惠金融发展对改善金融包容性的重要现实意义,并在微观层面上解释了数字普惠金融发展对改善家庭福利、防止因病致贫返贫的积极作用。     

The impact of primary schooling on economic development: a review of the evidence

The contribution of primary schooling to economic development is greater than has conventionally been percieved. This review of recent research shows that primary schooling increases labour productivity in both urban and rural sectors, and that the economic returns to such investment are typically high. In addition, it reduces fertility, improves health and nutrition, and promotes other behavioural and attitudinal changes which are helpful to economic development. Investment strategies which give primary schooling an important place would be more conducive of growth-with-equity than many alternatives. Priorities for government and donor policies are indicated, as are those for future research.     

Environmental awareness and household energy saving of Chinese residents: Unity of knowing and doing or easier said than done?

Household energy saving is important for the realization of emission peak, carbon neutrality, and energy security goals in China. However, no conclusion has been reached on whether public environmental awareness can promote household energy saving. There are two major defects in previous studies. One is that they focus on the public intention to save energy rather than the real behavior; the other is that the endogenous problem caused by the measurement bias of environmental awareness is ignored. Based on China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) database, this study selects the change in average monthly household electricity charge and electricity consumption as the proxy variables of energy saving, and introduces the public perception level of social security and government corruption as the instrumental variable of environmental awareness. It is found that improvement of environmental awareness has statistical significance for household energy saving and there is still a lot of room for improvement. This conclusion keeps valid in several robustness tests. Further analysis shows that improvement of environmental awareness is more likely to promote energy saving in rural households, male household heads, and young people; and that education and income have a joint moderating effect on the energy saving effect of environmental awareness.     

Are smokers too optimistic about their health status: Ex ante perception versus ex post observation

As the world has moved toward the era of non-communicable diseases, whether the individuals are in a capable position to accurately evaluate their own health status has an important implication on disease prevention in particularly and population health outcome in general. In this paper, we address four important questions surrounding the accuracy of health perception: (1) to what extent that individuals can make an accurate evaluation on their own health status; (2) what are the major factors influencing health misperception if any; (3) what are the causal directions between health behavior and health perception; and (4) whether individuals can learn and update their self-evaluation on health status over time and whether such learning is productive in that it mitigates the health misperception. Specifically, we use a longitudinal data set obtained from Taiwan that covers six waves of survey over about twenty-year period to compare the ex ante subjective perception on health and the ex post mortality hazards. Our results suggest that over one third of the survey respondents are not performing well in the evaluation of their own health status. We also find that smokers are more likely to have an optimistic bias on their own health assessment as compared to nonsmokers. After controlling for the simultaneous causality problem, we find a causal effect of individuals' misperceptions on continuing smoking, but not vice versa. In addition, our results show that individuals update their subjective perception on health over time through the learning from personal health shocks and the provision of public information on smoking hazards. Although the learning process tends to be overshooting among smokers, it is beneficial to mitigate the optimistic bias. We also find the evidence that personal health shock has a stronger impact on updating behavior than public information, indicating that personal experience is a more effective channel through which to correct the bias in health perception, compared to the provision of public information, such as anti-smoking campaign.     

制度化视角下的农村合作医疗问题探讨

在欠发达地区，农村合作医疗存在着药价高、补偿低、手续杂、出行难、认识低等诸多问题。从制度效率化的视角，加强资金筹集、“农合”管理、医疗救助、报销审批等有效制度建设，对目前农村合作医疗的健康发展显得十分紧迫和重要。     

乡村振兴背景下互联网使用对农民创业的影响及机制研究

乡村振兴是新时代"三农"工作的总抓手，而互联网则是助力实现乡村振兴的重要抓手。文章基于2016年中国家庭追踪调查数据，论证了互联网使用对农民创业的影响与机制。研究发现：互联网使用与农民创业呈显著正相关；采用替代变量法进行稳健性检验及工具变量法与倾向得分匹配法处理内生性问题之后，互联网使用依然具有"创业效应"；机制分析表明，信息渠道效应、社会资本效应与风险偏好效应是互联网使用影响农民创业的重要渠道。"产业兴旺、生活富裕"是乡村振兴战略的两大要求。在乡村振兴背景下，全面推进互联网进村入户，提高农民互联网使用率，有助于发挥互联网服务农民创业的功能。另外，应继续优化农民创业环境，不断释放农民创业潜力，加速乡村振兴战略目标的实现。     

Formula feeding: Evidence for health,nutrition and early childhood development during the critical first 1000 days from rural China

Infant and young child feeding is crucial to physical and mental development and long-term health. In developing settings, the widespread use of formula raises concerns regarding the growth and development of infants. However, little is known about the role that formula may play in the observed poor infant health, nutrition and development in developing areas. Using a rich panel dataset of 1802 infants aged 6–30 months collected at six months intervals from rural China, we describe the prevalence of formula feeding, identify households that are more likely to use formula, and examine the associations between formula feeding with various dimensions of infant health, nutrition and development outcomes: anthropometric measurements, infant illnesses, cognitive, psychomotor, and socio-emotional development. We found infant formula is widely used in rural China, and it is significantly associated with infant health and nutritional outcomes - formula feeding is associated with a 4.59-point increase in Hemoglobin concentration and a 13% reduction in anemia prevalence, but is also associated with a 0.11-sd decrease in weight-for-age and height-for-age Z-scores. Moreover, infants are more likely to be fed formula when their families have higher socioeconomic status, when their parents have out-migrated, and when they have no siblings. Our findings suggest that there is a need to promote age-appropriate feeding practices, with an emphasis on families who are particularly in need of guidance, to reduce over-reliance on formula, and provide support for mothers to delay their migration or create pathways for rural parents to bring their children with them when they migrate.     

持续灾难性卫生支出测度、城乡差异与医疗保险阻断效应评估

以往文献对持续灾难性卫生支出天然属性的研究匮乏,导致相对贫困治理和医疗保障政策长远靶向目标规划缺失。文章将家庭医疗支出连年增加,重复发生灾难性卫生支出的过程定义为持续灾难性卫生支出,并在此基础上构建反映持续灾难性卫生支出发生率、发生深度以及发生时间等指数综合刻画持续灾难性卫生支出程度,利用中国微观数据（CFPS）进行动态测度和城乡分解,最后实证分析基本医疗保险对城乡家庭持续灾难性卫生支出的政策效果。研究发现,家庭持续灾难性卫生支出发生具有较强黏性,持续时间越长,摆脱难度越大,且农村持续灾难性卫生支出程度高于城镇,但城乡差距随持续时间逐渐缩小;与此同时,基本医疗保险能够显著阻断持续灾难性卫生支出,但阻断效应呈现较大的城乡差异,农村基本医疗保险在当期的阻断效应更明显,而长期来看城镇基本医疗保险的阻断效应则更强。文章结论为我国相对贫困治理和医疗保险制度优化提供了实证参考。     

健康冲击、社会资本与农户经济脆弱性——基于“CHIP2013”数据的实证分析

健康人力资本在农村经济中发挥着重要作用,农户健康受损时,会通过"劳动效应"、"挤占效应"和"情感效应"影响其经济脆弱性,而社会资本作为一种非正式机制,在血缘、地缘与业缘关系的连接下,通过及时获取信息与资源等对农户经济产生影响。文章利用"中国家庭收入调查2013"数据实证分析了健康冲击和社会资本对农户经济脆弱性的影响及作用机制。通过倾向得分匹配（PSM）和处理效应模型解决内生偏误问题、建立中介效应模型后,回归结果显示：健康冲击会通过挤占效应和情感效应两条渠道机制对农户经济产生负向影响,社会资本分项指标则通过信任渠道机制对农户经济产生正向影响;男性户主更易因遭受健康冲击而陷入经济脆弱困境,处于劳动年龄的户主在利用社会资本缓解经济脆弱性方面更具优势;而社会资本在缓解健康冲击对农户经济脆弱性中的作用并不显著,一个可能的原因是在农村社会中,社会资本等非正式机制逐渐被正式医疗保障机制所替代。在稳健性检验中,构造基于预期贫困定义的贫困脆弱性指标（VEP）进行替换变量回归,进一步证实所得结论。文章的政策涵义在于,应加强对于农户健康风险的管理,并重新挖掘社会资本在农村经济发展中的作用,从而缓解经济脆弱性,阻断贫困。     

新型农村金融服务主体与发展定位:解析村镇银行

新一轮针对农村金融的密集调控收效不大,新型农村金融机构未能充分发挥服务"三农"的功能,却在一些地区开始变为地方政府的融资工具。有效根除新型农村金融机构发展的制度供给抑制,要改革新型农村金融机构组织与行为法律制度,保障其自身的营利能力;要完善新型农村金融机构监管法律制度,确保其服务"三农"的基本功能;要建立健全农村金融的总体法律框架,完善新型农村金融机构发展的外部法治环境,增进新型农村金融机构防范和抵御风险的能力。     

Rural E-commerce and County Economic Development in China

With the proliferation of information and communication technology in rural areas, rural e-commerce has gradually become a new economic phenomenon in China. Using the national rural e-commerce comprehensive demonstration policy as a quasi-natural experiment, this study examines the causal linkage between rural e-commerce and county-level economic development in China. Its findings, which draw on county-level panel data from 2011 to 2018, indicate that the policy had a positive effect on the county-level economy in China, resulting in an overall increase in county GDP by 3.5 percent (0.7 percent annually). Our analysis further shows that the impact of the policy differed along the region and human capital dimensions. Further analysis reveals that industrial structure and nonagricultural employment were the main channels for the policy to exert a county-level economic impact. Infrastructure improvement in China also plays an important role. The findings emphasize the importance of advancing e-commerce in rural areas to stimulate county-level economic development.     

Rural women and state policy: The Latin American agrarian reform experience

This review of 13 Latin American agrarian reforms shows that most have directly benefited only men. It is argued that this is largely because of the common designation of ‘households’ as the beneficiaries of an agrarian reform and the subsequent incorporation of only male household heads into the new agrarian reform structures. It is shown that a necessary, but not sufficient, condition for rural women to benefit on par with men is that they too be designated as beneficiaries. Women as well as men must be given access to land or the opportunity to participate within the agrarian cooperatives or state farms promoted by an agrarian reform. This comparative analysis of the Latin American agrarian reform demonstrates that this has happened only in countries where the incorporation of rural women to the reform is an explicit objective of state policy.     

互联网对农村居民的幸福效应研究

当前,互联网是不可阻挡的"时代洪流",正在潜移默化地影响着农村居民的行为观念与生活方式。在此背景下,文章基于中国社会状况综合调查2015年度数据,系统评估了互联网技能给农村居民带来的幸福效应。研究表明：掌握互联网技能会显著提升农村居民的幸福感,其感到"非常幸福"的概率显著高出2.6%。考虑到掌握互联网技能很可能是农村居民"自我选择"的结果,结合倾向得分匹配法和内生转换模型构造反事实框架纠正选择性偏误,结论依然成立。影响机制的分析结果显示,互联网技能会通过丰富休闲娱乐活动提升农村居民的幸福感。     

上海郊区农村合作医疗运行机制探讨

农村合作医疗制度是农村社会保障体系和农村卫生工作的一个重要组成部分,上海农村合作医疗制度在保障农民基本医疗、提高农民健康水平、促进农村经济社会发展、保持农村稳定等方面发挥了重要的作用。文章重点介绍上海农村合作医疗的运行机制与存在的问题以及解决思路。     

中国保险业发展、城市化与经济增长

本文采用我国1985年-2011年时间序列数据。检验和估计了我国保险业发展、城市化水平与经济增长的关系。结果表明：城市化水平、非寿险业发展与经济增长存在单向因果关系,而寿险业与经济增长之间因果关系不显著;城市化水平、非寿险业与经济增长存在正向关系,而寿险业对长期经济增长产生抑制效应;城市化水平对经济增长的贡献大于非寿险业对经济增长的贡献。为此,本文提出政府应加大对保险业发展的政策支持力度。均衡发展寿险业和非寿险业,重点支持县域和农村保险业的发展,拓宽保险业参与国民经济发展的途径;加快城市化建设的进程以促进保险业的发展;在城市化进程中重视非寿险业的发展。     

Health Status and Earnings of Migrant Workers from Rural China

The migration of rural laborers into cities for employment has been one of the main driving forces of China's economic growth over the past three decades. Based on a dataset collected by the Ministry of Agriculture of China from 2003 to 2007, this paper examines the impact of health on the earnings of migrant workers engaging in physically‐intensive work requiring good health. Our findings indicate that a poor health status not only weakens the incentive of rural laborers to participate in the migrant labor force but also significantly reduces their earnings. A migrant worker in poor health only earns 67 percent of what a healthy worker makes. Among all the human capital characteristics and family economic factors, health status is the most influential on earnings for less educated workers. Labor productivity has a greater impact on earnings than the annual number of days that a person works. Ongoing health‐care reforms aimed at the improvement of the health‐care services available to rural laborers are urged to help reduce poverty in rural China.     

The impact of education on health in China

In this paper, we investigate the causal effect of education on health using an instrumental variable approach. The instruments we employ consist of two institutional changes in China that generated discontinuities in educational attainment among individuals. To ensure the validity of the instruments and obtain prudent conclusions, we adopt more restrictive identification tests than previous studies. The results indicate no causal impact of education on either perceived health or anthropometric health. With regard to the impact of education on male health behavior, namely smoking, we cannot provide conclusive results due to a violation of the exogeneity of our instruments. Nevertheless, we can confirm that education has no causal effect on female health behavior. To overcome the widely documented shortage of quasi-experimental identification, we also employ spouse's education as an alternative instrument to examine the causal effect of education. Identical results are obtained, with the exception that the impact of education on the reduction of overweight among women becomes significant. We conclude that this provides some evidence of a causal impact of education on health.