中国银行业市场结构改革述评

本文就中国银行业市场结构改革中的几个重大问题及改革中的侧重点分别进行了评述 ,认为 :1.中国银行业的市场结构应突出竞争性 ,垄断竞争是其最佳模式 ;2 .国有银行“做大做强”的对策是股份制改造与机构重组相结合 ;3 .放松银行业管制 ,鼓励新设民营银行 ;4.中国银行业改革不存在侧重点 ,产权改革和市场结构改革两者缺一不可 ,均衡发展 ,齐头并进。     

中国银行业市场结构实证分析及建议

纵观各国金融市场的竞争格局,商业银行业由于在国民经济中所处的战略性地位,历来受到各国政府的特殊保护,再加上具有自然垄断和规模收益等特点,因此较之其他行业通常具有较高的垄断程度或较低的竞争性。本文从市场集中度、产品差异化、进入壁垒三个方面试对中国银行业的市场结构进行较为系统的实证研究,进而提出如何增强竞争性的对策建议。     

中国银行业市场结构与经济增长分析

为了解释银行业市场结构对经济增长的作用,本文选取中国 GDP 增长率作为反映经济增长的变量,银行业市场集中度 CRn 指数作为反映银行市场结构的变量,对其进行格兰杰因果检验,并得出以下结论:中国目前银行业的市场结构以国有四大商业银行构成的寡头垄断为主要特征,并且这种市场结构与中国经济增长只存在一定的正相关关系,仅存在偏高的低度相关关系.     

中国银行业市场结构衡量指标及分析

本文通过对市场份额、市场集中度、产品差异化、规模经济和市场进退壁垒的分析来研究中国银行业的市场结构。通过计算中国银行业的市场份额,发现国有商业银行仍居于主要地位,通过数据计算CR4和HHI指数,发现中国银行业市场近年来的集中度依然较高,仍是由四大国有商业银行控制着整个市场。但从动态发展来看,在市场化进程中新生成的商业银行对这种高度集中的格局产生了一些冲击,中国银行业的市场结构开始从寡头垄断、高度集中转变为垄断竞争、适当集中。另外,中国银行业的产品差异化较小,政策法律性壁垒构成中国银行业的主要障碍。虽然整体表现为规模经济,但国有商业银行规模经济状态差于股份制商业银行。     

中国银行业市场结构、效率和绩效实证研究

研究表明,中国银行业的市场结构已经由寡头垄断、高度集中转变为垄断竞争、适度集中的市场类型;运用DEA方法测定了中国主要14家银行的经营效率;对市场结构和绩效关系的实证分析显示,中国银行业的集中度和绩效之间并无显著的相关性,而效率提高对改善绩效有重要作用。     

中国银行业市场结构与经济增长分析

为了解释银行业市场结构对经济增长的作用,本文选取中国GDP增长率作为反映经济增长的变量,银行业市场集中度CRn指数作为反映银行市场结构的变量,对其进行格兰杰因果检验,并得出以下结论：中国目前银行业的市场结构以国有四大商业银行构成的寡头垄断为主要特征,并且这种市场结构与中国经济增长只存在一定的正相关关系,仅存在偏高的低度相关关系。     

中国银行业市场结构与绩效的实证分析

中国银行业市场结构与绩效关系的实证研究表明,市场份额越大、市场集中度越高,银行业整体绩效越低;国有股比例和国内生产总值与我国银行业的绩效之间不存在显著的关系。银行业绩效的提升有赖于市场份额、市场集中度、杠杆比率和营业费用率等影响因素的进一步优化。     

中国银行服务市场角逐与竞争结构演进

随着中国加入WTO，银行服务市场竞争更加激烈；只有充分了解竞争环境以及自身的不足，才能在开放的竞争中处于有利地位。就当前我国银行业现状而言，市场开放无疑会使中国银行服务市场原本垄断性较强的寡占市场竞争更趋激烈，因此中国银行业要从战略上发挥先动优势，即在资源配置上加大倾斜力度，在干部、用工、分配机制上率先取得突破。     

中国银行业市场结构对金融包容的影响研究——基于区域经济发展差异化的视角

有效满足社会的金融需求和保障所有人获得基本金融服务,不仅是评判一国银行业结构改革的重要标准,也是实现包容性增长的重要途径.文章基于金融包容理论与中国银行业结构改革的实践,基于31个省(自治区、直辖市)2006-2011年的面板数据,在区域经济发展水平差异化的背景下,研究了银行业市场结构演变对金融包容的影响.结果显示,银行业市场结构的分散化有利于地区金融包容水平的提升,但在经济发达地区,这一促进作用有所减弱.在二元金融结构背景下,银行业“增量改革”的措施并未达到预期效果,要实现金融包容的区域均衡,必须提高中西部等落后地区的银行业竞争程度,促进中小银行的发展.     

中国邮政产业市场结构重组目标、政策与路径

邮政产业不具有构成自然垄断性质的有效网络元素,因而邮政产业不属于自然垄断行业。基于这种认识,邮政产业的重组不能简单沿袭已有的对自然垄断行业的重组目标与政策,结构重组的政策选择要符合邮政产业的网络元素性质及与之对应的业务性质、成本形态。采用纵向分离与横向切割的方式,可以较好地实现邮政产业重组既要有垄断的垂直一体化结构,又要有竞争性市场结构的双重目标。     

Market Structure and Risk Taking in the Banking Industry

We demonstrate that the common view according to which an increase in competition leads banks to increased risk taking fails to hold in an environment where homogeneous loss averse consumers can choose in which bank to make a deposit based on their knowledge of the riskiness incorporated in the banks outstanding loan portfolios. With an exclusive focus on imperfect competition we find that banks incentives for risk taking are invariant to a change in the banking market structure from duopoly to monopoly. Finally, we show that deposit insurance would eliminate the gains from bank competition when banks use asset quality as a strategic instrument.revised version received October 15, 2003     

China's Banking Reform

This article discusses the main problems facing the Chinese banking system and concludes that, despite serious problems, the risk seems small that, in the near future, a financial crisis will occur that will pose severe problems for the international financial system. An internal financial crisis, however, could occur. Without government support, the economic viability of many of China's banks is questionable. The government and central bank authorities acknowledge the situation and have taken some steps toward reform. The most serious threat to the banking system lies in the accumulation of non-performing loans (NPLs)--many of them policybased loans extended by state-owned banks to money-losing state-owned companies with little expectation that they would be completely repaid. China has been taking measures to keep the problem from worsening and has created four asset management companies to dispose of NPLs that still have value. Since the Chinese economic reforms began in 1978, Chinese authorities have made significant progress in modernising their banking system, although they still have a long way to go. However, there are several ameliorating factors that still keep its financial and foreign exchange system viable. China's continued high rate of growth and high savings rate have funneled deposits into the banking system, while a $20-30 billion annual trade surplus together with an inflow of foreign direct investment at about $40 billion per year have resulted in an accumulation of foreign exchange reserves exceeding $200 billion. China does not carry an unusually heavy debt burden, either domestic or international, although its short-term borrowing in foreign currencies has been increasing. China does not currently face a serious risk of either a domestic or international liquidity crisis--unless, of course, a severe and prolonged world recession occurs that adversely affects Chinese exports as well as the inflow of foreign direct investment.     

民营资本进入银行业--结构改造还是产权改造

凡是对外资开放的领域都要对开放，中国银行业的改革走到今天也需要的积极介入。介入的模式之一是通过创建新的民营银行的方式对现有银行体系的结构进行改革。但是银行业具有风险特殊性，同时民营资本的进入还可能进一步导致政治风险和国有银行体系风险的总爆发；银行业的行业结构较一般行业更为集中，也使得民营银行主体的增加未必能带来效率的提高。民营资本进入的另一模式是参与以国有独资银行为主体的现有银行体系的产权改造，这是提高国有银行资本充足率、解决坏帐问题、推进改革深化的必然选择。     

中国民航运输业市场化改革变迁的实证研究

1978年以来中国民航运输业不断深化市场化改革以明晰行业的产权界定、管制边界和运行效率。"可竞争"理论表明,随着经济和科学技术的发展,民航运输业的自然垄断边界正逐渐缩小,有必要对政府管制边界进行调整。通过引入虚拟变量的结构分析表明,19781、987和2002年中国三次大规模民航市场化改革所引发的结构变迁系数分别达到0.28、0.13和0.48,民航业市场化改革对民航运输业的发展起到了至关重要的作用。     

银行业市场结构和绩效关系的实证研究

产业组织理论认为,市场结构与市场绩效之间相互影响。因此,对银行业市场结构和绩效关系进行分析,有利于找到提高银行业市场绩效的对策。文章以此为出发点,通过分析中国银行业市场结构与绩效的现状,阐明银行业市场结构与市场绩效的关系,为银行业改革提供依据。     

银行业市场结构、效率和绩效的相关性研究--基于上海地区银行业的考察

文章利用上海市银行业1999～2003年的相关数据,对该市银行业的市场结构、综合效率和经营绩效及其相互关系进行了实证研究.研究表明,上海市银行业是一个中等集中度的市场结构类型.利用DEA技术测定的银行业效率的结果显示,上海四大国有商业银行的整体综合效率要好于股份制商业银行,且股份制上市银行的综合效率对非上市银行不具有比较优势.此外,研究发现决定商业银行绩效水平的市场力假说和效率结构假说在上海银行业中都不成立,但是银行业的规模效率对银行绩效水平具有积极的作用.     

Market Structure, Efficiency and Rising Consolidation of the Banking Industry in the Euro Area

Four factors are fundamentally altering the financial landscape in the Euro Area: deregulation, further disintermediation provoked by the common currency and common monetary policy, technological advances and increased competition from non‐bank intermediaries. Faced with the combined pressures of these factors, banks are devising strategies to do business in this new environment. They respond by attempting to improve their efficiency and/or market power through consolidation and balance sheet restructuring. This article examines whether the ongoing process of consolidation should be rationalized on the basis of the benefits of economies of scale and scope or to the attempt of banks to tackle excess capacity problems. Empirical findings reveal a significant effect of efficiency measures on banking profitability indices. Also, we argue that further disintermediation caused by common currency and common monetary policy poses a threat to banks' profitability. Finally, these results have some implications for merger and antitrust policy as well as for supervisory and regulatory practices.     

中国银行改革的三种推动力量

本文提出了银行改革的三种推动力量假说.我国银行改革的实质是中央政府主导的制度变迁决定了国有金融制度安排.在地方政府和民间部门的共同作用下,中央政府控制金融的成本上升导致了地方性商业银行的市场准入.件随着经济转型,三种推动力量的此消彼长将最终推动一个真正的市场经济下的银行体系的出现.     

The Efficiency of China's Banking Industry and the Determinants

The recent global financial crisis highlights the importance of a sound financial sector for economic development. This paper evaluates the economic efficiency of China's banking industry and investigates the determinants of this efficiency. Our analysis shows that the average economic efficiency of joint-stock commercial banks is highest, followed by the ‘Big Four’ state-owned commercial banks and city commercial banks. The economic inefficiency of these banks during the past 15 years was mainly caused by technical inefficiency, and this technical inefficiency was mainly caused by scale inefficiency. Using the scores of efficiency as dependent variables, the paper also comprehensively studies the impact of (1) the characteristics of individual banks, (2) the characteristics of the whole banking industry and (3) macroeconomic factors on banking efficiency. The results suggest a number of factors that banks can work on to improve efficiency and lend support to deepening reforms in the Chinese banking industry, including regulatory reforms that require capital adequacy in a more strict way, reforms that introduce more competition and, more broadly, reforms that aim at establishing institutions that can truly commercialize Chinese banks. Last but not least, the efficiency of banking depends on healthy growth of the overall economy.