多元化折价与多元化溢价的稳健性：一个文献述评

自从Langand Stulz（1994）提出多元化折价以来，多元化折价与溢价的争论成为公司财务领域的焦点问题之一。但是，文献研究表明，多元化本身可能是中性的，多元化可能并不是产生折价的原因。本文对多元化折价与溢价的文献进行了归纳，认为多元化折价与溢价的稳健性取决于多元化赖以存在的条件，以及实证研究是否解决了内生性问题。今后的研究需要提高数据的可靠性、消除内生性、引入新的方法、嵌入制度和政治关联等因素。     

技术创新过程中技术多元化与企业绩效的关系——基于中国电子信息行业的实证研究

技术多元化会影响企业的技术创新能力,进而影响企业的绩效。在探讨技术多元化与企业绩效作用机制的过程中,现有文献忽视了技术创新和技术关联对于两者关系的影响。本文采用了电子信息行业上市公司2006-2013年的面板数据,实证分析了技术创新和技术关联在技术多元化提升企业绩效的内在机理中的作用。最终发现：技术多元化有利于企业绩效的提升,技术创新在两者之间承担中介角色,但是过高的技术多元化会抑制企业技术创新;技术关联性会加强技术多元化对绩效的正效应,这种调节效应通过技术创新发挥作用。本研究的结论为技术多元化与企业绩效之间关系的研究提供了参考,也为企业采取合理的技术多元化战略提供了建议。     

大股东制衡机制与现金股利的隧道效应--来自1999-2003年中国上市公司的证据

鉴于公司的财务行为受到公司治理因素的影响,本文从公司治理的角度,基于国内外的相关研究提出六个研究假设,然后构建回归模型,依据1999年—2003年中国上市公司数据进行假设检验,具体探讨前五大股东持股比例以及在此基础上大股东之间的监督制衡机制对于上市公司派发现金股利的影响,研究因为我国股市“同股同权不同价”的特殊现象而导致的现金股利的“隧道效应”,探索其中的影响机制和制衡机制。研究显示,前五大股东的持股比例、大股东控制力(或联合控制力)、大股东制衡度(或联合制衡度)对派发现金股利的“隧道效应”存在重要影响。本文最后给出五点建议,试图限制控股股东通过现金股利的“隧道效应”谋取私利,以保护中小股东的正当权益。     

基于企业社会责任视角的日本企业信息安全分析

日本很早就关注企业信息安全问题,并且从遵守法令和企业社会责任的角度深入展开了理论研究与实践活动.目前,以信息泄露和计算机病毒传播等为代表的信息安全问题正在困扰着日本企业.从本质来看维护信息安全也是企业社会责任的一部分,信息安全的活动不能看作是"成本",而应该作为"投资"来把握.为此,日本政府通过相关机构和政策引导企业从社会责任的角度来认识和实施信息安全对策.同时,日本企业也从对顾客负责以及社会责任的观点出发,正逐步提高对信息安全重要性的认识.但同时,从社会责任的角度看,在企业制定与实施信息安全对策过程中也暴露出一些问题.     

Management innovations in family firms after CEO successions: Evidence from Japanese SMEs

We examine management innovation of family and non-family firms after CEO successions by using data of small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Japan. Consistent with predictions based on the resource-based view and agency theory, we find that family firms managed by non-family professional CEO successors are less innovative than those managed by family CEO successors or non-family firms. Further analyses indicate that limited access to family-based resources is a key determinant of the conservativeness of professional CEO successors. Our findings suggest the importance of the congruence of ownership and management in family firms due to CEOs’ access to family-based resources.     

Determinants of the 1991–1993 Japanese recession: Evidence from a structural model of the Japanese economy

The objectives of this paper are to determine the extent to which various factors contributed to the most recent recession in Japan and to assess whether the recent behavior of the Japanese economy differs from that in previous recessions. Toward that end, we develop a small, structural macroeconometric model of the Japanese economy and estimate it using data from 1971 Q1 to 1991 Q1, the period just prior to the recent downturn. The important results can be summarized as follows. First, the severity of the recent recession probably does not reflect structural economic changes. Second, the poor economic performance in 1991–1993 period was to some extent predictable, reflecting the unwinding of imbalances that developed during the preceding expansion. Finally, unpredictable movements in exchange rates, land prices, and stock prices occurring after 1991 played an important, but not predominant, part in accentuating the downturn, while unusually stimulative fiscal and monetary policies appear to have contributed substantially to GDP during the recession.     

How Japanese firms can weather endaka periods: Evidence from the transportation equipment industry

Japan has experienced several appreciation episodes. These appreciations may squeeze profit margins and lower export volumes. This paper investigates whether firms can weather appreciation periods by producing differentiated rather than commoditized products. To do this it investigates different sectors within the Japanese transportation equipment industry. Results from estimating pricing-to-market (PTM) coefficients indicate that firms producing differentiated products can pass-through more of exchange rate appreciations into higher foreign currency prices and thus better preserve their profit margins. Results from estimating trade elasticities are consistent with the PTM results and indicate that the automobile industry has exported much less than predicted after the yen depreciated in 2012. Finally, estimates of the stock market exposure across sectors indicates that the profitability of firms producing differentiated products is less exposed to appreciations. Producing differentiated, knowledge-intensive goods can thus help firms to survive endaka periods.     

Childhood health and future outcomes: Evidence from panel surveys for the Japanese population

Numerous studies in developed and developing countries around the world have found that childhood health is associated with future health and socioeconomic status. This paper uses nationally representative panel surveys to examine the impact of poor childhood health on the future socioeconomic outcomes of the Japanese population. I find that poor childhood health adversely affects various future health conditions for the middle and long run, and that the effects on subjective and physical health are amplified with age. In addition, poor childhood health negatively affects promotion opportunities in the mid-term and labor participation over the long-term. Moreover, I find that low parental income directly and negatively affects subjective and psychological health. The empirical results imply that public policy for continuous good health in childhood improves future socioeconomic outcomes.     

Does antidumping stimulate FDI? Evidence from Japanese firms in the UK

Does Antidumping Stimulate FDI? Evidence from Japanese Firms in the UK. — This paper explores which factors influence the number of Japanese firms in the UK and the level of employment and fixed assets in those firms, at a highly disaggregated sector level. We are interested in whether trade policy has had a role to play in the entry and expansion of Japanese firms. The results give some support to the hypothesis that antidumping action has acted as an incentive for Japanese direct investment in the UK. However, it has a relatively modest effect —antidumping cases can explain a maximum of 8 per cent of the expansion in employment by existing Japanese firms in the UK, while they appear to have no influence on the arrival of new firms.     

日本企业环境经营分析

日本是世界上企业环境经营比较发达的国家之一。从事环境经营首先要抛弃那种以前认为重视环境是增加成本的负面想法,树立通过与环境和谐相处寻求企业持续增长的新经营理念。从环境管理体系、环境会计、环境报告书和环境评价等几个方面看,日本企业对环境的关心程度越来越强。但是,由于地球环境问题越来越严重,与环境相关的经营风险会进一步提高,导致对环境经营的社会要求持续高度化。这样,传统的环境经营接近了一个极限,"新环境经营"的出现推动了环境经营的转换。     

日本学者视野里的企业社会责任研究

2001年以来理论界对企业社会责任的综述研究,对我国学者站在企业社会责任研究前沿和推进我国企业社会责任实践有着极为重要的意义。日本和我国有着相似的文化背景,且都经历过或正在经历工业化时期,日本企业社会责任研究成果和实践经验对我国更具有借鉴意义。日本理论界是如何研究企业社会责任的,研究企业社会责任有哪些前沿问题,实务界是如何践行企业社会责任的等等,都是需要从日本现存理论文献和社会实践中总结和梳理的。本研究是在尽可能掌握日本文献资料基础上,对日本理论界和实务界关于企业社会责任的产生和发展、研究现状和前沿问题所做的综述研究,以期为我国学者深入研究日本企业社会责任起到铺垫作用,更好地借鉴日本经验以推进我国企业社会责任实践。     

Cash demand and financial literacy: A case study using Japanese survey data

Understanding the statistical relationship between cash demand and financial literacy is important in addressing policy concerns in Japan because the government has tried to reduce cash demands for day-to-day transactions and hoarding. However, few scholars have investigated this point because the available statistics on household cash demand do not contain the standard proxy variable for financial literacy and they do not distinguish cash demands among various households for day-to-day transactions and hoarding. Findings from this research fill these gaps by first imputing the missing financial literacy variable from other surveys and then by comparing the distribution of cash holdings for the high, middle, and low levels of financial literacy groups. In comparing the distributions of cash holdings by the three groups, cash distributions were also compared after dropping the observations above higher percentiles, expecting that the cash demand for hoarding would show up in the higher percentile of the cash distributions. Thus, it was possible to examine cash demands for day-to-day transactions. A comparison of the distribution of the ratio of cash demands to total financial assets holdings plus cash demands (hereafter cash ratio) across three levels of financial literacy groups was also made. It was found that a person with a higher level of financial literacy tends to have a large amount of cash holdings, perhaps mainly for the sake of hoarding; however, the person also tends to have other kinds of financial assets and thus a lower cash ratio value. Taking those findings at face value, the promotion of financial literacy and cashless payments for day-to-day transactions would reduce the relatively small amount of cash demands for day-to-day transactions, but it would not necessarily reduce the amount of cash demands for hoarding.     

Two-dimensional analysis of the impact of outward FDI on performance at home: Evidence from Japanese manufacturing firms

This paper empirically investigates two dimensions of changes in firm behavior and performance before and after foreign direct investment (FDI). The first dimension is the difference between vertical and horizontal FDI. The second dimension is the effect of outward FDI on firms’ production and non-production activities in the home country. In our careful empirical analysis we use the propensity score matching method to show that the impact of outward FDI differs by dimension, that is, by FDI type and firms’ production and non-production activities. In particular, while horizontal FDI increases demand for non-production workers, vertical FDI increases demand for skilled production workers.     

Firm-specific volatility of stock returns, the credibility of management forecasts, and media coverage: Evidence from Japanese firms

This paper explores the determinants of firm-specific informativeness of the stock price in terms of corporate disclosure quality and the quantity of public information by using Japanese data. In our empirical framework, we examine how the credibility of disclosure and media coverage are associated with the firm-specific volatility of stock returns. The results indicate that both greater accuracy of management forecasts and greater total media coverage contribute to the incorporation of firm-specific information in the stock price. Furthermore, for earnings-related news, the media reporting leads to less firm-specific volatility. Finally, an improvement in forecast accuracy enhances the marginal effect of media coverage of the earnings news toward reflecting firm-specific information.     

Financial performance and corporate governance in microfinance: Evidence from Asia

Good corporate governance is considered a building block of success for microfinance institutions (MFIs) as it is presumed to help them in achieving their social and financial goals. This paper analyzes the corporate governance and financial performance relationship for MFIs in Asia. We make use of a panel dataset involving 173 MFIs in 18 Asian countries for the period 2007–2011. We construct a corporate governance index based on seven measures pertaining to board size and composition, CEO characteristics, and ownership type. We then estimate the two-way relationship between this index and each of five different financial performance indicators. To address the likely simultaneity between corporate governance and financial performance, we adopt a two-stage least squares estimation approach with instrumental variables. Our results confirm the endogenous nature of corporate governance and financial performance. We conclude that profitability and sustainability of MFIs improve with good governance practices and conversely that more profitable and sustainable MFIs have better governance systems.     

Banking crisis and productivity of borrowing firms: Evidence from Japan

We investigate the effects of bank distress on the productivity of borrowing firms by using data on listed companies in the Japanese manufacturing industry during the 1990s. We find that deterioration in the financial health of banks, which is measured by a decline in the capital-asset ratio, decreased the productivity of their borrowers during the period of the severe financial crisis (FY1997–1998). Our finding empirically confirms the theoretical view that an increase in financial friction negatively affects the productivity of the corporate sector.     

Income diversification,wealth, education and well-being in rural south-western Madagascar: Results from the Mahafaly region

Rural households in the Mahafaly region of south-western Madagascar have to contend with low economic development and a risky natural environment. A survey of 665 households in the region was designed to address three research questions: what is the relationship between diversification of income sources and household wealth; how does education influence access to non-farm income sources and diversification; and how does household wealth and diversification affect well-being? The results show that the overwhelming majority of households follow a diversification strategy. Household wealth is associated with larger fields, greater crop diversity and higher diversification of income source categories. Education enhances access to high-return, non-farm income sources. Self-reported well-being is positively affected by both wealth and diversification. Better education and measures to improve inhabitants’ existing strategies for compensation of yield losses in farming are crucial for securing local livelihoods in the face of decreasing precipitation due to climate change.     

Corporate governance and the cost of public debt financing: Evidence from Japan

This paper explores the relationship between corporate governance mechanisms and the cost of public debt financing in Japan. Using a sample of corporate bonds newly issued in Japan during the period 2005–2008, I find that CEO ownership is associated with higher yield spreads after controlling for other governance, bond, and firm characteristics. Founding family ownership is also positively related to yield spreads. In contrast, firms with large corporate shareholders enjoy lower yield spreads. These results are robust to various alternative specifications. Overall, my results indicate the importance of corporate governance mechanisms in Japanese corporate bond markets.