基于时间地理学的景区旅游者时空行为模式研究——以北京颐和园为例

本文以景区旅游者时空行为模式为研究对象,尝试将时间地理学研究方法引入旅游者行为研究中,并通过实证研究在时空路径聚类要素方面进行探索.研究表明,时间、空间、活动和路径是景区内部旅游者时空行为模式汇总的重要因素;差异度和显著度可以作为聚类量化要素选择的指标;颐和园旅游者群体按时空行为模式聚类为6个类型.刻画旅游者时空行为模式,有助于研究者更好地理解旅游者的活动过程和需求情况,对优化景区产品和提高旅游者体验质量有重要理论意义和实践意义.     

基于GPS与日志调查的旅游者时空行为数据质量对比

文章以颐和园旅游者时空行为2009年活动日志调查和2010年GPS追踪调查两次获取的数据为基础,从样本有效率、代表性和数据真实性、精确度4个维度对数据质量进行了对比分析。分析结果表明,在样本有效率和代表性维度上,传统的活动日志调查方法获取的旅游者时空行为数据质量更高,表现为同样时间内获取到的样本规模较大、判定为有效的样本更多且样本性别结构、学历结构、到访次数结构等更加趋于真实。两种方法各有利弊,研究者应当根据自身的研究问题、研究目标和调查预算,综合考虑不同调查方法的特点,科学合理地选择调查方法。     

社交媒体时代旅游者行为研究进展——基于境外文献的梳理

互联网技术的快速发展正重新塑造着旅游者的行为模式.伴随着现代旅游者越来越倾向于使用社交媒体来支持旅游活动的各个环节,关注旅游者在社交媒体中的行为表现及其影响机制成为境外学者们关注的话题.通过对境外研究文献的系统化梳理和归纳,发现境外关于社交媒体时代旅游者行为研究处于快速发展阶段,研究内容主要聚焦于旅游者使用社交媒体的行为研究,社交媒体对旅游者信息搜寻行为、决策行为、信息分享行为的影响,用户生成内容作为数据源在旅游者行为研究中的应用.未来基于社交媒体的旅游者生成内容激励机制研究、旅游虚拟网络社会研究、目的地信息服务效率、数据获取与处理分析方面还有着广泛的研究空间.     

旅游者购物偏好行为研究——以西安入境旅游者为例

明确旅游者对旅游商品的偏好对旅游目的地旅游业发展具有重要的意义.本文在综合分析了构成旅游者偏好各心理变量的基础上提出了以认知导向为主的旅游者偏好定义.同时,在测度方法上发展了亲(疏)景度的测度方法以适应旅游者行为问卷调查分析的需要.以此为基础分析了2006年西安入境旅游者问卷调查资料后发现:入境旅游者来华前的旅游购物偏好明显高于旅游后的旅游购物偏好,其主要影响因素是旅游者对旅游目的地相关信息掌握程度所导致的认知偏差及旅游目的地体验质量的高低程度;旅游者购物偏好在社会人口结构特征上没有明显的变化规律,呈多态化;入境旅游者对我国的手工艺品、中药保健品和食品类旅游商品呈高偏好度;其购物偏好具有明显的地域相邻相似的特点.最后,提出了本研究的不足及我国旅游商品开发应遵循旅游者购物偏好规律的建议.     

基于时空路径的旅游情感体验过程研究——以香港海洋公园为例

随着旅游产业的发展进入成熟阶段,产业实践问题逐渐发生质变,核心矛盾已经从单纯的“旅游吸引力”转换为更加复杂的“旅游体验质量”问题.成熟旅游区和旅游目的地不仅关注游客规模、旅游收入,而且关系自身提供的旅游设施、旅游服务和旅游产品的质量管理;与此同时,还关注旅游者体验的满意度评价和旅游者情感体验的全过程.文章将时间地理学中的时空路径概念和旅游体验中的两极情感模型相结合,提出了“旅游情感路径”(TEP)的概念,试图打开旅游体验情感的黑箱.通过“旅游情感路径”概念模型的提出,尝试构建一种定量化、过程化和可视化研究旅游体验情感的新方法.以世界著名主题公园香港海洋公园为案例地,以时间地理学的时空路径为研究工具,采用手持GPS设备获取旅游者时空行为轨迹信息,辅助以日志调查方法获取旅游者消费信息、情感量化信息等,将旅游情感体验过程进行量化研究,基于时空路径分析旅游者的情感体验结果和过程.研究结果表明,旅游者情感体验各节点的愉悦度与总体愉悦度之间均存在显著相关关系.基于旅游情感路径的实证数据定量分析结果提出了对“第一印象区”的新理解,指出第一印象区的空间范围取决于具体案例地旅游者第一印象建立所需要的时间,在这个时间段内旅游者游程覆盖的区域都属于第一印象区.研究结果能够为旅游景区产品调整、改进和精细化设计提供理论指导,并在优化旅游者时空行为和提升旅游者体验质量等方面有较大的应用空间.     

老年旅游者的出游行为决策研究--以江西省老年旅游市场为例

老年旅游市场是一个具有极大潜力的市场，其开发具有重要的社会意义。文章采用2000年7月江西省旅游市场调查的数据，逐一对老年旅游者的客源地结构与特征、人口学特征(性别、年龄、职业、月收入、文化)、行为决策(旅游目的、信息来源、出游喜好、旅游方式)等进行了分析，从而得出了老年旅游者出游行为的一般规律。     

度假旅游者需求与行为特征分析——以中、俄赴三亚旅游者为例

度假旅游是中国新兴的产业发展形态和旅游方式。尽管此前20多年我国的度假旅游发展缓慢、曲折,但在2003年后出现了一个明显的拐点,远程度假旅游成为一个值得关注的新趋势。本文选取中国具有标杆性意义的度假旅游目的地——海南三亚的海内外度假旅游者作为调查对象,研究了中国及俄罗斯度假者的人口统计学特征、度假旅游动机、行为方式以及度假旅游需求特征,揭示出两国游客在旅游行为和需求方面的异同点。本研究验证了4个假设,也否定了学术界以往关于度假旅游的个别典型结论。     

基于游客涉入的入境旅游者分类研究——以桂林、阳朔入境旅游者为例

涉入是消费行为最重要的决定因素之一,文章基于游客涉入对桂林、阳朔入境旅游者进行聚类分析,并比较不同类型旅游者的特征和态度差异。聚类分析将入境旅游者分为4种类型：中等涉入型、低涉入型、高涉入型和低风险可能型。这些类型旅游者在大多数社会人口统计特征和旅行行为特征上无显著差异,但在所属文化群体、信息来源数量、主客交往偏好、目的地整体形象和满意度上存在显著差异。     

Market Segmentation of International Tourists Based on Motivation to Travel: A Case Study of Taiwan

Tourism represents a principal sector of the economy of Taiwan. Consequently, the government is currently focusing on developing the country as a major tourist destination in Asia. Thus, the primary aims of this research were to explore factors related to tourists’ motivations to visit Taiwan as well as the demographic segmentation of these foreign tourists. Using a convenience sample, 249 surveys were collected and analyzed. The results show that five push (enlightenment and reputation; unusual and affection; freedom; interpersonal communication and sharing; and family and friends relationship) and six pull factors (attitude and quality of service; cost, shopping, and tasting; diverse attraction; culture connections; sport facilities, wildlife and events; and accessibility) play important roles in the motivations of foreign tourists. Furthermore, foreign tourists can be clustered into five groups based on motivation (scenery/knowledge seekers, accessibility/expenditure seekers, relaxation/relation seekers, novelty/experience seekers, sport/service seekers) and five demographic groups (gender, age, marital status, nationality, and income). According to these results, suggestions are made as to how Taiwan could effectively develop tourism policies and marketing strategies to attract international tourists.     

我国自驾车旅游者行为研究——以华北地区为例

自驾车旅游以自由、自主、自助的突出特点被旅游者广泛接受和喜爱,是我国近几年快速发展的专项旅游.本文以华北地区自驾车旅游者为主要研究对象,用历时一年多的时间对大量自驾车旅游者进行了旅游行为问卷调查和访谈记录,获得千余份有效问卷,在此基础上开展了自驾车旅游者的行为研究,对自驾车旅游者的旅游动机、决策影响因素、消费行为等作了深入分析,并对自驾车旅游者的行为特征进行了总结.     

自然遗产地游客环境态度与环境行为倾向研究——以九寨沟为例

基于国内外相关理论与实证研究,本文以九寨沟为案例地,构建结构方程模型探讨自然遗产地游客环境态度与环境行为倾向之间的影响机制.通过探索性因子分析发现游客的环境态度可以进一步细分为4个维度:即环境情感、环境责任、环境知识和环境道德.通过验证性因子分析和结构方程模型,本研究进一步分析了案例地游客环境态度与环境行为倾向的关系.模型估计结果显示,环境态度中的环境情感维度和环境知识维度对环境行为倾向具有显著的、正向的影响;环境道德维度对环境行为倾向影响较小,而环境责任维度与行为倾向没有显著关系.最后,本文对模型分析的结论进行了总结和归纳.     

国家视角下的目的地形象模型——基于来华国际游客的实证研究

国家形象和目的地形象因其对消费者行为和决策的重要影响,分别发展成为国际商务领域和旅游营销领域的重要概念和研究热点,虽然两者具有十分密切的内在联系,但学界对它们的研究却相对独立,缺少交叉研究.该研究在对两个领域的文献和理论模型进行整理后,将目的地形象放置到国家尺度下重新审视,试图揭示一个国家的综合国家形象与其作为旅游目的地的形象之间的互动机制,并尝试引入“熟悉度”等概念建立整合模型.最后以中国大陆为案例地,以来华国际游客为调查对象,通过结构方程模型进行实证检验和修正.结论指出:(1)熟悉度对目的地形象有正向影响;(2)国家形象与目的地形象之间具有双向且正向的影响;(3)国家形象通过目的地形象对游客的忠诚度产生间接影响.     

A Critical Investigation of the Bargaining Behavior of Tourists: The Case of Hong Kong Open-Air Markets

Shopping has long been recognized as an indispensable tourist activity. Hong Kong's open-air markets, where a multitude of bargaining activities can be observed, ranked as the second most popular of the island territory's diverse range of attractions in 2008 in terms of tourist arrivals. To develop cutting-edge marketing strategies that promote tourists' enjoyment of their bargaining adventure and ultimately enhance the overall shopping experience, the study reported in this article was aimed at identifying the dimensions underlying tourists' perceptions of the importance of 18 bargaining motivators and 12 bargaining attitudes and types of bargaining behavior, respectively, and subsequently evaluating the predictability of these underlying dimensions on tourists' shopping contentment indicators (overall bargaining satisfaction, the likelihood of a subsequent visit, and the likelihood of recommending open-air markets to others). A non-probability quota sampling technique was used to survey 203 Asian and non-Asian tourists in Hong Kong. A multivariate approach encompassing factor analysis and multiple regression was employed: Factor analysis delineated four underlying dimensions of factors affecting bargaining intentions. “Value for money” was shown to be the factor rated most important to tourists' bargaining intention; similarly, two underlying dimensions of bargaining attitudes and behavior—“bargain for psychological well-being” and “bargaining intensity”—were identified. Multiple regression results indicated the statistical significance of “bargaining for psychological well-being” and “bargaining intensity” to the existence of positive relations between shopping contentment indicators.     

A Comparative Study of Generational Preferences for Trip-Planning Resources: A Case Study of International Tourists to Shanghai

Although many previous studies have investigated the information search behavior in some specific age groups of tourists, few of them comprehensively examined the relationships between cross-generational tourists and their preferences for various types of trip-planning resources. This study aimed to fill this research gap. The authors employed correspondence analysis to assess and visually display the correlations between four generational groups—the Silent Generation (aged over 65), the Baby Boomers (aged 50–64 years), Generation X (aged 30–49 years), and Y (aged 18–29 years)—and 10 primary travel information sources for the Shanghai international tourist market. The results indicated that tourists in the Baby Boomers and Silent Generation groups rely most on travel agencies and tour operators. The Generation X tourists are inclined to search websites for their travel information. Generation Y tourists are more likely to consult friends and/or relatives and travel guidebooks. The study has both theoretical and practical contributions. The core values of generations are used to explain their preference of information sources from a theoretical perspective. This study assists destination marketers to design effective promotional strategies suited for different generational segments.     

Travel-Related Behavior of Japanese Leisure Tourists: A Review and Discussion

Summary

Japan has emerged as a leading generator of international tourism in the past decade. Given the importance of Japanese tourists to the global tourism industry, understanding of their travel-related behavior has become an essential item in the tourism research agenda. A review of literature revealed that a number of studies related to various aspects of Japanese tourists' behavior was reported. However, these studies did not follow any systematic themes of research and the information generated by these studies has not been well conceptualized. Therefore, this paper aims to present a comprehensive review of the literature which pertains to the travel-related behavior of Japanese leisure tourists and to conceptualize the major behavioral attributes and findings of reported research.     

旅游者购物行为研究

旅游购物对一国旅游收入的增长具有重要的贡献,也是发展潜力最大的领域之一。本文从心理学、消费者行为学、经济学等多角度研究了旅游者购物行为模式、购买决策过程以及其特点,最后分析了旅游购物新的发展趋势。