Free Entry under Uncertainty

When focusing on firm’s risk-aversion in industry equilibrium, the number of firms may be either larger or smaller when comparing market equilibrium with and without price uncertainty. In this paper, we introduce risk-averse firms under cost uncertainty in a model of spatial differentiation and show that the impact of uncertainty will increase the number of firms in an industry. With increased uncertainty, the risk premium of the marginal buyer increases by more than the risk premium of the average buyer, so that the price increases by more than the risk premium. When turning to the free entry game, we find that the market generates too many firms.     

Free Entry, Quasi-Free Trade, and Strategic Export Policy

This paper analyzes governments' choices between strategic export subsidies and free trade as a commitment when firms are free to enter or exit in response to these choices. Entry and exit is treated as a discrete process. Within the context of a four-stage game, two types of equilibria emerge: a quasi-free-trade equilibrium in which one of the two governments commits to free trade, while the other has a Nash equilibrium subsidy that is zero and bilateral export subsidies. Concerning welfare effects, if fixed costs are large enough, both countries achieve a welfare gain relative to free trade.     

技术贸易壁垒与我国出口贸易

技术贸易壁垒是目前发达国家实行贸易保护的最主要手段之一。技术贸易壁垒对国际贸易发展有消极和积极两个方面的影响。利用世贸规则以防不合理的技术贸易壁垒和提升我国出口商品科技含量显得尤为重要。     

发展劳动密集型产业的公共政策研究

劳动密集型产业是指在现有的技术水平下,还难以用资本、技术替代或替代不经济的产业。我国劳动密集型产业在发展中出现结构不合理、用工难、融资难和出口难等问题,国家应该采取一定的政策措施扶持中小企业、提供资金支持、保护农民利益、推广社会责任等更好地发挥劳动密集型产业的优势。     

Growth Effects of Free Trade under Increasing Returns

This paper addresses the long-term sustainability of the growth effects from trade, within the context of a dynamic optimization model where the investment sector exhibits an initial phase of increasing returns. It is proved that the qualitative properties of trade and growth remain valid, even for decreasing, rather than constant, returns to scale in the consumption sector. That is, trade enables an economy to escape a "poverty trap" and enjoy unbounded growth. Moreover, the asymptotic long-run growth rate of the optimal consumption levels with trade is determined, establishing that trade has a beneficial effect on long-run growth.
JEL Classification Numbers: O41, F12.     

体育用品出口贸易与我国宏观经济

体育用品出口作为出口贸易的一个分支,在出口创汇方面发挥着积极重要的作用。随着世界经济的一体化进程和北京奥运会、广州亚运会的举办,我国体育用品出口企业必将迎来一个更加开放、自由的外部环境。在国际贸易市场中面临更多的机遇和挑战。文章将揭示体育用品出口贸易与我国宏观经济的互动关系,把握其内在作用机制,进一步促进我国经济发展。     

基于比较优势的视角论我国出口产业的战略调整

是否需要继续发展我国劳动密集型产业及其比较优势的利弊之争已经成为当前我国经济发展战略的又一争论焦点。文章基于比较优势的视角,立足我国的具体情况,分析、认识和处理劳动密集型产业、资本密集型产业和技术密集型产业之间的关系,澄清对比较优势理论的误解,拟对我国出口产业的战略调整提出一定的对策参考。     

自由贸易谈判

1、介绍国际经济学中一个最富争议的问题是：实现全球自由贸易最有效的战略是区域主义还是多边主义?根据巴格瓦蒂(Bhagwati,1993)所分析,第一次区域主义浪潮出现于20世纪60年代,但由于美国支持多边主义方式而停止扩展。而自20世纪80年代开始,美国转变立场,支持区域贸易协定。这一转变带来了第二次区域主义浪潮,促成大量自由贸易协定     

Relative Emission Standard versus Tax under Oligopoly: The Role of Free Entry

We compare the effects of an emission tax, and those of a relative emission standard, on welfare and pollution levels under oligopolistic market structures. We consider the cases where the number of firms is fixed and where there is free entry and exit of firms. When the number of firms is fixed, (i) a relative emission standard is welfare-superior to an emission-equivalent emission tax, and (ii) an emission tax is emission-superior to a welfare-equivalent relative emission standard. Under free entry and exit, the results are just the opposite when the inverse demand function is concave.     

Strategic Trade, Competitive Industries and Agricultural Trade Disputes

The primary predictions of strategic-trade theory are not restricted to imperfectly competitive markets. Indeed, these predictions emerge in a natural three-country extension of the traditional theory of trade policy in competitive markets, once the theory is augmented to allow for politically motivated governments, so that the sign of export policy may be converted from tax to subsidy. This suggests that the ongoing agricultural trade disputes may be best interpreted from the perspective of strategic-trade theory. In fact, these disputes may offer the most important example yet of strategic-trade theory.     

金融危机中的中国外贸高风险行业研究

我国对外贸易风险主要集中在燃料矿产品行业、化工行业、机械运输设备行业、办公通讯电子行业、纺织服装行业.在这五个外贸高风险的行业中,纺织服装行业的外贸风险主要存在于出口贸易;燃料矿产品行业和化工行业的外贸风险主要存在于进口贸易;机械运输设备行业和办公通讯电子行业的外贸风险不仅存在于出口贸易,还存在于进口贸易.2003至2007年这五个行业的国际竞争力最高的是纺织服装行业,最低的是燃料矿产品行业.当前,我们要积极扩大内需,缓解外向型经济带来的风险压力.     

Mixed Oligopoly at Free Entry Markets

We investigate the optimal behavior of a public firm in a mixed market involving private firms and one public firm. Existing works show that welfare-maximizing behavior by the public firm is suboptimal when the number of firms is given exogenously. We allow free entry of private firms and find that, in contrast to the case with the fixed number of firms, welfare-maximizing behavior by the public firm is always optimal in mixed markets. Furthermore, we find that mixed markets are better than pure markets involving no public firm if and only if the public firm earns nonnegative profits.     

Trade Policies and Industrialisation*

In this paper, the three-commodity model of Gruen and Corden is used to examine the effects of import restriction policies designed to promote industrial development. It is shown that under circumstances which might reasonably be expected to exist in developing economies such policies will likely appear successful in the short run, but may fail in the long run, if the import-competing sector's expansion is largely achieved by the diversion of resources from an infant manufacturing sector producing exportables. An export subsidy is the more appropriate policy under these circumstances.     

Merger Policies and Trade Liberalisation

This paper is about the interactions between trade policy and a narrow but important aspect of competition policy, namely merger policy. We focus on links between merger policies and trade liberalisation. We put special emphasis on the topical issue of the role that international agreements such as the GATT play when merger policies are nationally chosen. Of particular concern is the possibility that liberalisation of international trade will induce countries to use competition policies to promote national interests at the expense of others.     

中国当前的加工贸易与加工贸易政策(上篇)

本文概述了目前我国加工贸易的状况和政府给予加工贸易的优惠政策，分析了加工贸易政策的利与弊，得出了加工贸易政策目前已经弊大于利的结论，提出了取消给予加工贸易的优惠政策的主张     

技术性贸易壁垒与我国出口贸易的发展

随着科学技术的不断进步以及知识经济时代的到来,国际贸易保护主义政策也发生了相应的变化。传统的以高关税为特征的贸易壁垒正逐步让位于作用更大、更为隐蔽的非关税壁垒。技术性贸易壁垒（简称ＴＢＴ）便是其中的一种。本文介绍了发达国家实施ＴＢＴ的具体措施以及对我国实施ＴＢＴ的主要特点,探究了我国屡遭国外ＴＢＴ限制的根源,并对我国出口贸易的发展提出相关的对策建议。     

Entry, Exit and Productivity: Empirical Results for German Manufacturing Industries

Abstract. From a model by Hopenhayn, three hypotheses can be derived: (H1) Firms that exit in year t were less productive in t− 1 than firms that continue to produce in t. (H2) Firms that enter in year t are less productive than incumbent firms in year t. (H3) Surviving firms from an entry cohort were more productive than non-surviving firms from this cohort in the start year. This paper uses unique newly available panel datasets for all manufacturing plants from Germany (1995–2002) to test these hypotheses. All three hypotheses are supported empirically for West and East Germany.     

Entry, Prices, and Investment in Regulated Industries

The paper studies how the optimal regulatory policy is affected by the possibility of unregulated firms entering the market. In such cases, the regulator may prefer to limit price and cost reductions in the regulated incumbent. The extent to which this happens is shown to depend on the extent of the regulator's commitment: if it commits to a chosen policy, then the market outcome following entry is less competitive than it would be without commitment: price and production costs are both higher. We also show that, unlike the natural monopoly case, incentives for cost reducing investment are stronger when the regulatory policy has a short regulatory interval.     

中国对外贸易健康发展的新动力:出口信用保险

在国际经济一体化的背景下,出口信用保险已成为各国政府支持出口、防范收汇风险的国际通行做法,是世贸组织规则允许的贸易促进措施,也是国际通行的重要的促进工具。文章着重分析了出口信用保险在中国的发展情况、对中国对外贸易发展的重要作用。通过探讨现阶段存在的主要问题,指出完善出口信用保险的相应对策。     

International Cross-Ownership and Strategic Trade Policies

The paper analyzes a model of strategic trade policies in the presence of international cross-ownership of firms that are heterogenous both in terms of costs and in terms of extent of foreign ownership. The equilibrium pattern of taxes and subsidies is characterized for any arbitrary cross-ownership profile, and any number of heterogenous firms. The equilibrium subsidy (or tax) given to any firm is shown to depend, in a separable manner, on the firm's characteristics and on the covariance of the distribution of cost and foreign ownership across firms. A neutrality theorem is proved concerning the Nash equilibrium of the game between governments: in equilibrium, the pattern of trade, the value of each firm, and world welfare are independent of the ownership pattern.