低碳理念下的南京市土地集约利用评价

研究目的：从发展低碳经济和转变城市土地利用方式出发,建立低碳理念下的城市土地集约利用评价模型。研究方法：系统分析法,ANP方法,障碍度模型和实证研究法。研究结果：1998—2009年南京市城市土地集约利用水平呈总体上升态势,土地产出效益和土地投入水平在发挥着主要作用,但土地产出效益和土地低碳水平的障碍度最大。研究结论：本评价体系较客观地反映了低碳理念下城市土地集约利用发展水平和趋势。     

安徽省低碳经济发展水平综合评价

从经济状况、工业能耗和环保再生等3个方面选取指标,建立安徽省16市的低碳经济发展水平评价体系,运用因子分析法对安徽省低碳经济发展水平进行分析评价。结果显示,安徽省低碳经济发展整体水平不高,城市之间及单个城市内部存在低碳经济发展不协调的情况。提出了推动低碳技术发展、注重人才队伍建设、促进第三产业发展、提高资源再生能力、全方位协同发展等政策建议。     

湖南省农业低碳旅游发展水平测度

[目的]随着旅游业的快速发展,旅游碳排放量逐渐增加,湖南省是我国发展旅游业的重要省份,通过对湖南省农业低碳旅游发展水平进行研究,为我国发展低碳旅游提供理论参考。[方法]文章利用层次分析法构建湖南省农业低碳旅游发展水平评价指标体系,通过调查法对各指标进行赋值,采用加权综合评价模型计算湖南省低碳旅游发展水平综合得分,并根据划分标准作出评价。[结果]层次分析法结果表明资源环境低碳化管理的权重值最大为0.493,游客低碳行为的权重值为0. 311,企业低碳化经营的权重值为0.196。LCTE模型得到湖南省低碳发展水平综合得分为0.659,属于低碳发展阶段,距离成熟阶段尚存在较大的距离。[结论]从整体上看,湖南省政府低碳化管理水平相对较好,旅客的低碳化意识有待提高,企业低碳化经营方面较差。因此,建议政府继续加强对低碳旅游发展的管理,强化低碳标准,提高低碳化意识;加强对企业的监督和引导,积极引导企业推进节能减排技术;加大教育和宣传力度,提高大众的低碳意识,从行动上实现低碳旅游模式。     

低碳农业经济指标体系构建及对江苏省的评价

[目的]在低碳经济正成为世界经济社会发展新趋势的背景下,低碳农业成为新的探究热点。科学构建低碳农业经济评价指标体系,有利于为科学评判低碳农业经济发展质量提供重要依据,江苏省作为我国农业大省和经济发达的重叠区,以其为例进行低碳农业经济发展评价对于我国农业发展方向和模式具有先导意义。[方法]基于对低碳农业经济概念和内涵的系统分析,构建由农业发展水平、化学品投入强度、能源利用效率、资源有效利用水平、农业废弃物利用水平等5个准则层的18个指标构成的低碳农业发展水平综合评价指标体系,利用层次分析法(AHP)确定评价指标体系中各指标的权重,并应用线性加权和综合评价模型对江苏省的低碳农业发展水平进行了评价。[结果]江苏省低碳农业从2005年开始得到了快速发展,其中化学品投入强度是制约江苏省低碳农业发展的主要因素,而能源利用效率是促进其发展的关键因素。[结论]降低农业生产中的化肥、农药及农膜等化学投入品的强度,可以使江苏省低碳农业的发展水平有效提升,应予以重点关注。     

城市消费者对低碳农产品的支付意愿研究——以低碳猪肉为例

本文基于南京市城市消费者的调查数据,运用条件价值评估法(CVM)估算消费者对低碳猪肉的意愿支付水平,并且进一步分析影响消费者对低碳猪肉支付意愿的因素。研究结果表明,消费者对低碳猪肉的平均支付价格为18.95元(初始价格为15元),平均支付意愿为3.95元;低碳猪肉价格、消费者低碳农产品认知度、家庭收入、家庭人口、受教育程度等对消费者支付意愿均有显著影响。     

技术进步、环境规制与农业生产低碳化发展水平时空演变研究——基于东三省31个地级市实证研究

从相对低碳和绝对低碳角度选取相关指标利用熵权法对东三省中的31个地级市的农业生产低碳化发展水平进行了评价,并以技术进步、环境规制为主要关注对发展水平影响因素进行了实证分析。结果表明：东三省总体平均层面与各地级市的农业生产低碳化发展水平整体上呈不断上升的趋势,其中上升趋势的主要贡献来源于相对化低碳发展水平的提升,绝对低碳化发展水平趋势稳定。从空间分布来看,各城市的农业生产低碳化增速水平具有局部空间聚集特征;从时空演变趋势来看,低碳化发展水平较高的城市由东南、东北为源点随着时间推移延扩;在低碳化发展水平提升过程中,技术进步对低碳化发展水平的提升具有重要正向作用,政府环境规制政策负向影响低碳化水平,但在技术进步对低碳化水平的提升作用中表现出部分正向调节效应。     

低碳经济发展评价指标体系的构建

从低碳经济发展评价指标体系的构建原则、评价指标体系框架及主要指标的解释对低碳经济发展评价指标体系进行研究,以推动我国低碳经济的发展水平的提高。     

林业资源型城市低碳发展评价研究

随着人类社会环境、能源与发展三者之间矛盾的凸显,主张低污染、高效率、更多使用清洁能源的低碳发展方式已经成全世界的共识。城市作为化石能源的主要消费场所,其低碳式发展程度直接影响一个地区一个国家的低碳发展。低碳城市评价研究可以发现低碳发展中出现的问题,可以衡量低碳发展的业绩,从而为低碳发展提供政策建议。借鉴参考全国性的低碳城市评价体系,提出林业资源型城市低碳评价指标体系发展。     

浅谈低碳经济视角下的城市发展实践

低碳经济视角下,我国城市建设发展要科学构建各项发展路径指标,完善城市建设管理制度内容,引导广大城市居民共同参与到低碳环保城市建设工作中,从而全面提升低碳城市建设管理水平。低碳经济要求城市建设要创新发展新能源技术,注重提高清洁能源开发使用效率,科学保护社会生态发展环境,最终实现人类社会稳定可持续发展。对低碳视角下的城市发展实践展开分析与探讨。     

基于熵权—集对分析法的乌鲁木齐市土地利用系统健康评价

[目的]土地利用系统的健康关系着土地资源的可持续利用。通过研究乌鲁木齐市的土地利用系统的健康状况,有助于实现区域内资源、经济和社会的可持续发展。[方法]基于低碳视角构建城市土地利用系统健康评价指标体系,熵权法确定指标权重,运用集对模型对乌鲁木齐市土地利用系统健康状况进行评价。[结果](1)2005~2014年乌鲁木齐市土地利用系统健康水平总体呈上升趋势,经历了"不健康→临界状态→亚健康"的过程。(2)系统结构和系统功能经历了"不健康"到"亚健康"过程;系统效益经历了"病态"到"初级健康"的历程。[结论]为改善研究区土地利用系统健康状况,提出了保障耕地数量和质量安全、优化土地资源配置、调整和优化产业结构、发展低碳能源、促进城市土地低碳利用的建议。     

Price transmission between products at different stages of manufacturing in forest industries

The theory of demand and supply implies a positive relationship, or “price transmission” between the prices of products at different stages of manufacturing. This relationship was investigated with quarterly prices of softwood stumpage in the US South, and national prices of forest products, from 1977 to 2002. All prices, net of inflation, were found to be nonstationary and there was no evidence of co-integration between prices. Vector autogressive models, augmented by Granger causality tests and multiplier analysis showed that there was a one-to-one permanent positive response of the southern sawtimber stumpage price to a permanent change in the national lumber price. There was also a one-third permanent positive response of the national paper price to a permanent change in the national pulp price. There was no relation between regional pulpwood prices and national pulp or paper prices. When price transmission was significant, the full adjustment took about 2 years.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

In Vino ‘No’ Veritas: impacts of fraud on wine imports in China

China is one of the largest wine importing countries in the world and is poised for continued import growth in the future. Increased wine purchases throughout China have given rise to persistent fraud where fake wines are packaged and sold with counterfeit contents and labels. For exporting countries like France, counterfeit wines displace market share, damage foreign brand reputation, and cause distrust in consumers who are aware of counterfeiting problems throughout the country. We examine the impact of fraudulent wine events (as measured by negative media reports) on Chinese wine demand differentiated by supplying country. We employ the Rotterdam demand system and a switching regression procedure to estimate import demand and compare results across different media variable specifications. Results consistently show that negative reports disproportionately affect French wine regardless of how the media variable is specified. This is not surprising because most fraudulent events involve French wine counterfeits.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.     

Local impacts of industrial tree plantations: An empirical analysis in Indonesia across plantation types

The values ascribed to industrial tree plantations are often controversial. Hence knowledge of their perceived impacts is important for improving their integration in rural landscapes. In 2016 we conducted household surveys with 606 respondents living in villages adjacent to acacia, teak and pine plantations across three islands in Indonesia (Java, Borneo, Sumatra). Results show that perceptions toward pine and teak plantations tend to differ from those toward acacia pulpwood plantations in several ways. Pine and teak plantations are perceived to have a higher number and variety of benefits and services, a higher number of positive impacts, a better environmental record, and to present more opportunities to local people for use of plantation land and products for improving rural livelihoods. In addition, we find that villagers around acacia pulpwood plantations tend to seek economic development and infrastructure to open up remote areas, yet their expectations were often only partially met. Recommendations from our analysis include: the role of the State in plantations must be clarified and potentially reinforced; the role of institutions as intermediaries is fundamental; and contributions by communities to design of management plans should be accommodated.     

Upstream demand for water use by new tree plantations imposes externalities on downstream irrigated agriculture and wetlands*

Large‐scale tree plantations in high rainfall upstream areas can reduce fresh water inflows to river systems, thereby imposing external costs on downstream irrigation, stock and domestic water users and wetland interests. We take the novel approach of expressing all benefits and costs of establishing plantations in terms of $ per gigalitre (GL) of water removed annually from river flows, setting upstream demands on the same basis as downstream demands. For the Macquarie Valley, a New South Wales sub‐catchment of Australia’s Murray‐Darling Basin, we project changes in land and water use and changes in economic surpluses under two policy settings: without and with a policy requiring permanent water entitlements to be purchased from downstream parties, before plantation establishment. Without the policy, and given a high stumpage value for trees ($70/m³), upstream gains in economic surplus projected from expanding plantations are $639 million; balanced against $233 million in economic losses by downstream irrigators and stock and domestic water users for a net gain of $406 million, but 345 GL lower mean annual environmental flows. With the policy, smaller gains in upstream economic surplus from trees ($192 million), added to net downstream gains ($138 million) from sale of water, result in gains of $330 million with no reduction in environmental flows. Sustaining the 345 GL flow for a $76 million (406–330) reduction in gains to economic surplus may be seen to cost only $0.22 million/GL; but this is much lower than the market value of the first units of that water to agriculture and forestry.     

Underpayment of Small Producers of Coffee and Cocoa in Sierra Leone

Fieldwork shows that many Sierra Leonean producers do not receive the official producer price for their coffee and cocoa, due to the concentration of buying stations, credit relations, the small quantities offered for sale, and the lack of marketing knowledge of the numerous and unorganized farmers. To the traders underpayment may seem economically justifiable to a certain extent, but to the farmers it means poverty and debt. A new village marketing centre project aims at remedying this situation and has already led to higher prices. Although no longer allowed to take their "just" share from the producers, traders are still willing to deal with the new centres.     

Malaria incidence and agricultural efficiency in Uganda

The cost of accessing healthcare can be a major determinant of disease prevalence, which in turn has short‐ and long‐term welfare implications on poor households. In response, governments in developing countries often resort to subsidizing the cost of drugs, which, while perhaps easier to administer, may not always be the most effective way of addressing healthcare cost. In this regard, we analyze the impact of different types of household level health expenses on disease incidence and agricultural production efficiency. We use data from the 2006 Uganda National Household Survey, which covered approximately 7,400 households. The results suggest that a 10% increase in consultation, medicine, and hospitalization expenses would reduce malaria incidence respectively by 35.6%, 20.5%, and 21.3 %, which translates into a 1.1%, 0.6%, and 0.6 % decrease in agricultural inefficiency, respectively. The results indicate that helping poor households meet expenses for consultation through subsidies or eliminating consultation fees has a larger impact on malaria incidence and agricultural productivity among poor rural households than subsidizing the cost of medical drugs, the most common avenue chosen by developing country governments in the fight against the disease.