要素禀赋结构升级的区域比较优势动态增进研究——以绍兴为对象

比较优势的动态变化是与该地区要素禀赋结构的变化密切相关的。要素禀赋结构的优化升级,促进了比较优势的动态增进,从而促进了区域经济的发展。实证分析包括三个部分:一是要素结构的变动情况,即资本与劳动力的有机构成变动;二是显性比较优势指数的变动分析;三是劳动力和资本要素对比较优势动态变化的影响分析。提升资本要素的有机构成,拉动劳动力、资本、技术向资本技术密集型乃至信息技术密集型的行业流动,优化产业结构。     

南方地区农业要素禀赋水平的空间分异与动态比较

[目的]基于要素禀赋的空间分布差异有序推进农业要素禀赋结构、技术结构和产业结构升级,是农业生产结构转型过程中亟待解决的重大战略性问题之一,也是当前区域经济发展理论与实践迫切需要攻克的重要课题。[方法]基于熵权法测算1997—2015年南方地区15个省(市、区)农业要素禀赋指数,结合差异性指数与基于多组群计算的分异指数,分析了南方地区农业要素禀赋的空间分异状况,在此基础上对南方地区农业要素禀赋水平的变化趋势和区域相对优势进行了总体评价。[结果](1)南方地区农业要素禀赋水平自1997年以来略有上升,大部分省(市、区)的农业要素禀赋综合指数呈现出先降后升的"U"型态势;(2)农业要素禀赋优势存在明显的区域差异,具有农业要素禀赋优势的省(市)包括沪、浙、苏、湘、鄂、粤等5省1市,其他省(市、区)则缺乏比较优势;(3)农业要素禀赋综合水平存在一定的空间分异,土地、劳动力、资本、技术和结构等要素禀赋则存在较为显著的空间分异,但是资本和技术的要素禀赋水平近年来则呈现出较为明显的下降趋势;(4)农业单要素禀赋还表现出显著的空间集聚性, 5类单要素禀赋的空间分布也呈现出显著的区域差异,各要素禀赋内部则显现出明显的空间集聚特征。[结论]应根据各省(市、区)农业要素禀赋水平选择适合的农业发展道路。     

中国区域农业要素禀赋结构变迁的逻辑和趋势分析

沿着克鲁格曼"核心—边缘"模型的内在机理,本文结合中国国情提出了中国区域农业要素禀赋结构变迁逻辑的三个假说,并基于29省(区、市)1990~2014年的数据运用资本深化系数、资源禀赋系数和要素结构指数进行了验证。分析发现,农业要素禀赋结构变迁特征取决于农业劳动力转移速率、农业资本投入增长速率和农用地面积变化率在"东部地区—其他地区"和"城市—周边农村"的双层"核心—边缘"结构中的互动。相较于农业劳动力转移速率和农用地面积变化率而言,农业资本投入增长速率的变化更为明显;中国各区域农业劳均增加值和农业劳均资本存量尽管在不断上升,但无法掩盖各区域农业要素禀赋结构的固化现象;农业要素禀赋流动总体上有利于东部地区。     

中国省域林业要素产出弹性空间异质性研究——基于地理加权回归模型的测度

基于2015年中国31个省域林业投入产出数据,利用空间计量经济模型分析各省域之间的空间聚集效益,进一步建立地理加权回归模型对各个省域的要素产出弹性进行测算并比较。研究结果表明:各省域资本要素弹性系数估计结果介于0.378~1.647之间,劳动力要素弹性系数估计结果介于0.188~0.783之间,林业产出存在较为显著的空间相关性,要素产出弹性存在空间异质性,中国林业发展总体上处于规模报酬递增阶段。基于研究结论与各省域林业发展实际状况,提出加强不同地区之间的资源流动、因地制宜地制定林业生产发展规划和战略等政策建议。     

中国农业资源错配的测算、时空演变特征及影响因素分析

目的 探究中国农业生产要素错配的时空演变特征及其影响因素,为改善要素空间错配,提高农业生产效率提供相关参考和政策建议。方法 文章以资源错配理论为基础构建农业资源错配指数测算框架,选取2000—2019年中国30个省（市、自治区,不含港澳台和西藏）的经济数据测算出农业资本错配指数、劳动力错配指数、土地错配指数以及相关影响因素指标,采用空间计量模型分析其对农业资源错配的影响。结果 （1）农业资本错配、劳动力错配和土地错配在时空上分别展现出不同的演变发展特征,但都呈现出要素错配不断改善的趋势。（2）从实证结果来看,农业经营规模的提高能够显著改善农业资本错配和土地错配,农业种植结构升级能够有效改善农业劳动力错配和土地错配,政府的宏观调控能够有效改善农业资本错配,同时提高农村金融发展水平是改善农业资本错配一种重要方式。（3）区域经济发展水平提高能够通过促进农业生产要素重新组合来改善农业资本错配和劳动力错配,城镇化发展水平提高能够改善劳动力错配和土地错配。结论 中国农业生产要素在不同区域的错配程度在不断改善,农业经营规模、种植结构和经济发展水平是影响要素错配的关键因素,消除要素流动障碍,完善区域联动机制是改善要素错配的重要方式。     

农民合作社发展需关注六大问题

多样化、混合型的农业现代化发展模式和经营形态在中国农村将长期存在,资本、劳动力、土地等要素将不断相互碰撞和重新组合;这种组合又和农村上层建筑的权力结构交织在一起,必然影响到农民合作社的发展方向以及乡村治理结构的演变。作为现代农业重要载体的专业合作社也将长期呈现异质性和多样性的特点。     

基于超效率SBM模型的中国林业产业绩效评价研究

基于中国林业产业2000—2019年的投入产出面板数据,运用超效率SBM模型对中国林业产业效率水平进行测算。结果显示,2000—2019年林业产业比较注重创新研发;林业产业绩效年际差异较大,呈两端高、中间低的"U"字形分布;林业产业资本、土地、劳动力要素投入年际波动较大。最后,提出了从协同政府与市场"两只手",提高林业产业资本配置效率;实践意义下林业产业一体化,提升林业产业劳动生产率;精打细算,强化监控与管理,提升林地资源利用率等建议。     

中国林业经济效率:格局、动因与优化

使用超效率SBM模型,测算了2013—2015年中国31个省份林业经济效率变动状况。研究发现:中国林业经济效率总体上比较低,林业资源的配置有待进一步优化。中国林业经济效率总体上呈现出"东部高、西部居中、中部最低"的空间格局。中国林业经济效率不高主要动因在于规模效率较低。对于高效率省份来说,林业经济效率比较高的主要动因在于纯技术效率较高。对于低效率省份来说,林业经济效率较低的动因分为三种。低效省份林业投入产出优化模式分为六类:产出增加型、劳动力缩减—产出增加型、土地缩减—产出增加型、投资缩减—产出增加型、劳动力和投资双缩减—产出增加型、劳动力和土地双缩减—产出增加型。     

要素禀赋、技术进步偏向与农业全要素生产率增长——基于28个国家的比较分析

本文基于永续盘存法和2008年国民经济核算体系,对28个国家1995~2013年的农业净资本存量进行了估计;在此基础上,采用Malmquist-TFP指数分解方法测算了农业投入偏向型技术进步指数及偏向效应,并比较研究了不同要素禀赋类型国家农业技术进步的要素偏向。实证分析结果表明,第一,28个国家存在投入偏向型技术进步,大部分国家的投入偏向型技术进步促进了农业全要素生产率增长率的提高;第二,农业技术进步在资本投入与劳动力投入、土地投入与劳动力投入之间节约劳动力要素,在资本投入与土地投入之间节约土地要素,但总体偏向于节约劳动力要素;第三,不同要素禀赋类型国家在不同时期的农业技术进步偏向不同,人少地多型国家农业技术进步的要素投入偏向较为稳定,而人多地少型国家的农业技术进步的要素投入偏向则变化较大,甚至出现反转。基于此,各国要充分利用由要素相对价格变化带来的新机遇,选择与本国要素禀赋类型相协调的农业技术创新发展模式,从而促进农业可持续发展。     

中俄林业主要生产要素评价

依照比较利益与要素禀赋原理,强调提出在中俄林业经贸合作过程中,林业资本要素、林业科技要素与林业劳动力要素将直接流向森林资源与林地丰富的地区,实现对森林资源和林地的优化配置,使不可移动的森林资源与林地产生巨大的效益;应该抓住机遇,吸引资金,通过建立合资、独资或合作企业等,进一步推进中俄林业贸易合作的发展。     

Price transmission between products at different stages of manufacturing in forest industries

The theory of demand and supply implies a positive relationship, or “price transmission” between the prices of products at different stages of manufacturing. This relationship was investigated with quarterly prices of softwood stumpage in the US South, and national prices of forest products, from 1977 to 2002. All prices, net of inflation, were found to be nonstationary and there was no evidence of co-integration between prices. Vector autogressive models, augmented by Granger causality tests and multiplier analysis showed that there was a one-to-one permanent positive response of the southern sawtimber stumpage price to a permanent change in the national lumber price. There was also a one-third permanent positive response of the national paper price to a permanent change in the national pulp price. There was no relation between regional pulpwood prices and national pulp or paper prices. When price transmission was significant, the full adjustment took about 2 years.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

In Vino ‘No’ Veritas: impacts of fraud on wine imports in China

China is one of the largest wine importing countries in the world and is poised for continued import growth in the future. Increased wine purchases throughout China have given rise to persistent fraud where fake wines are packaged and sold with counterfeit contents and labels. For exporting countries like France, counterfeit wines displace market share, damage foreign brand reputation, and cause distrust in consumers who are aware of counterfeiting problems throughout the country. We examine the impact of fraudulent wine events (as measured by negative media reports) on Chinese wine demand differentiated by supplying country. We employ the Rotterdam demand system and a switching regression procedure to estimate import demand and compare results across different media variable specifications. Results consistently show that negative reports disproportionately affect French wine regardless of how the media variable is specified. This is not surprising because most fraudulent events involve French wine counterfeits.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.     

Local impacts of industrial tree plantations: An empirical analysis in Indonesia across plantation types

The values ascribed to industrial tree plantations are often controversial. Hence knowledge of their perceived impacts is important for improving their integration in rural landscapes. In 2016 we conducted household surveys with 606 respondents living in villages adjacent to acacia, teak and pine plantations across three islands in Indonesia (Java, Borneo, Sumatra). Results show that perceptions toward pine and teak plantations tend to differ from those toward acacia pulpwood plantations in several ways. Pine and teak plantations are perceived to have a higher number and variety of benefits and services, a higher number of positive impacts, a better environmental record, and to present more opportunities to local people for use of plantation land and products for improving rural livelihoods. In addition, we find that villagers around acacia pulpwood plantations tend to seek economic development and infrastructure to open up remote areas, yet their expectations were often only partially met. Recommendations from our analysis include: the role of the State in plantations must be clarified and potentially reinforced; the role of institutions as intermediaries is fundamental; and contributions by communities to design of management plans should be accommodated.     

Upstream demand for water use by new tree plantations imposes externalities on downstream irrigated agriculture and wetlands*

Large‐scale tree plantations in high rainfall upstream areas can reduce fresh water inflows to river systems, thereby imposing external costs on downstream irrigation, stock and domestic water users and wetland interests. We take the novel approach of expressing all benefits and costs of establishing plantations in terms of $ per gigalitre (GL) of water removed annually from river flows, setting upstream demands on the same basis as downstream demands. For the Macquarie Valley, a New South Wales sub‐catchment of Australia’s Murray‐Darling Basin, we project changes in land and water use and changes in economic surpluses under two policy settings: without and with a policy requiring permanent water entitlements to be purchased from downstream parties, before plantation establishment. Without the policy, and given a high stumpage value for trees ($70/m³), upstream gains in economic surplus projected from expanding plantations are $639 million; balanced against $233 million in economic losses by downstream irrigators and stock and domestic water users for a net gain of $406 million, but 345 GL lower mean annual environmental flows. With the policy, smaller gains in upstream economic surplus from trees ($192 million), added to net downstream gains ($138 million) from sale of water, result in gains of $330 million with no reduction in environmental flows. Sustaining the 345 GL flow for a $76 million (406–330) reduction in gains to economic surplus may be seen to cost only $0.22 million/GL; but this is much lower than the market value of the first units of that water to agriculture and forestry.     

Underpayment of Small Producers of Coffee and Cocoa in Sierra Leone

Fieldwork shows that many Sierra Leonean producers do not receive the official producer price for their coffee and cocoa, due to the concentration of buying stations, credit relations, the small quantities offered for sale, and the lack of marketing knowledge of the numerous and unorganized farmers. To the traders underpayment may seem economically justifiable to a certain extent, but to the farmers it means poverty and debt. A new village marketing centre project aims at remedying this situation and has already led to higher prices. Although no longer allowed to take their "just" share from the producers, traders are still willing to deal with the new centres.     

Malaria incidence and agricultural efficiency in Uganda

The cost of accessing healthcare can be a major determinant of disease prevalence, which in turn has short‐ and long‐term welfare implications on poor households. In response, governments in developing countries often resort to subsidizing the cost of drugs, which, while perhaps easier to administer, may not always be the most effective way of addressing healthcare cost. In this regard, we analyze the impact of different types of household level health expenses on disease incidence and agricultural production efficiency. We use data from the 2006 Uganda National Household Survey, which covered approximately 7,400 households. The results suggest that a 10% increase in consultation, medicine, and hospitalization expenses would reduce malaria incidence respectively by 35.6%, 20.5%, and 21.3 %, which translates into a 1.1%, 0.6%, and 0.6 % decrease in agricultural inefficiency, respectively. The results indicate that helping poor households meet expenses for consultation through subsidies or eliminating consultation fees has a larger impact on malaria incidence and agricultural productivity among poor rural households than subsidizing the cost of medical drugs, the most common avenue chosen by developing country governments in the fight against the disease.