共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
《Labour economics》2007,14(1):25-34
Four studies published in the last ten years use the General Social Surveys (GSS) to show that behaviorally gay/bisexual men earn 15–30 percent less than other men. In this paper I use independent data on sexual behavior from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES III) and find that same-sex behaving men experience a statistically and economically significant income penalty on the order of 23–30 percent. Moreover, the strongest evidence for an income penalty is found for those men most likely to have a gay sexual orientation based on their lifetime sexual behavior. That the penalty for same-sex behaving men is robust across data sources suggests the need for more research into its causes and consequences. 相似文献
2.
Judged by the conventional measures of the growth of output and trade, of inflation and unemployment, the economic performance of the industrial countries has undergone a marked deterioration in recent years. It is now feared that a further deterioration could take place over the next decade leading to ever greater pressures within and between countries. In this Briefing Paper we attempt to measure the changes that have taken place, to identify their timing and the proximate causes. On the basis of recent developments and a historical perspective we try to judge the prospects for the 1980's. 相似文献
3.
Janet L. Norwood 《International Journal of Forecasting》1985,1(3):197-202
Research by the Bureau of Labor Statistics does not support the view that present trends in the workplace will have negative effects on future productivity, wages, and job creation. The shift towards a service-producing economy will not necessarily result in generally lower productivity levels, slower rates of growth, and lower wage levels, as commonly believed. Further demographic changes may bode well for productivity; the future work force will have a higher proportion in the most stable and productive years. Although there will continue to be serious problems of high unemployment for some groups and job loss due to new technologies, gloomy predictions of a huge labor surplus and a trend towards low-paying jobs are unwarranted. 相似文献
4.
Thomas E. Clarke 《Technovation》1981,1(2):125-134
This paper examines the need for Canadian universities to supply students in science and engineering with the education necessary to understand the process involved in bringing scientific or technical ideas to commercialization. The results of a questionnaire on the subject of entrepreneurial education for Canadian students is analyzed and presented as part of the paper along with the author's solutions for handling the problems the questionnaire identified. 相似文献
5.
6.
Why do estimates of the intergenerational persistence in earnings vary so much for the United States? Recent research suggests that lifecycle bias may be a major factor [Grawe, N., Lifecycle bias in estimates of intergenerational earnings persistence. Labour Economics 2006, 13:551–570; Haider, S., and Solon, G., Life-cycle variation in the association between current and lifetime earnings. American Economic Review 2006, 96(4):1308–1320.]. In this paper we estimate the intergenerational correlation in lifetime earnings by using sons' and fathers' earnings at similar ages in order to account for lifecycle bias. Our estimate based on earnings measured at 35–44 for both fathers and sons is similar to that for the age range 45–54. 相似文献
7.
Quality & Quantity - 相似文献
8.
This paper examines the earnings premium to computer use in a developing country: Ecuador. We use different approaches to examine whether the premium is causal. Controlling for an extensive set of observables, we find an earnings difference between users and non-users of around 20%. Using first differences, the premium drops and is no longer significant in a specification that includes proxies for workers' computer experience and knowledge. Estimates of the impact of the intensity of computer use are also small and in most cases insignificant. Estimates of the pencil premium are substantial in level specifications, but become insignificant in fixed effect specifications. Taken together, also in the setting of a developing country we do not find evidence in favour of the computer premium reflecting a causal impact. 相似文献
9.
Jan Brenner 《Labour economics》2010,17(2):392-406
In many economic models a central variable of interest is lifetime or permanent income which is not observed in survey data sets and typically proxied by annual income information. To assess the quality of such approximations, we use a unique source of lifetime earnings — the German pension system — and focus on two important issues that have been largely ignored in the existing literature. The first is how to deal with zero income observations in the analysis of women. The second is whether these approximations differ between natives and guest workers. For female earners, we find that estimates of the associations between current and lifetime income are highly sensitive to the treatment of zero earnings. The reason turns out to be the highly cyclical nature of the labor supply behavior of mothers. Furthermore, immigrants' income proxies are prone to significantly larger attenuation biases over the entire life-cycle. This result is explained by the larger share of annual income variance attributable to the transitory income component for immigrants. Averaging income over up to 15 years alleviates the attenuation bias as well as the difference in biases between natives and guest workers. 相似文献
10.
We use data on British football managers and teams over the 1994-2007 period to study substitution and complementarity between leaders and subordinates. We find for the Premier League (the highest level of competition) that, other things being equal, managers who themselves played at a higher level raise the productivity of less-skilled teams by more than that of highly skilled teams. This is consistent with the hypothesis that one function of a top manager is to communicate to subordinates the skills needed to succeed, since less skilled players have more to learn. However, we also find that managers with more accumulated professional managing experience raise the productivity of talented players by more than that of less-talented players. This is consistent with the hypothesis that a further function of successful managers in high-performance workplaces is to manage the egos of elite workers. Such a function is potentially more important the more accomplished the workers are-as indicated, in our data, by teams with greater payrolls. 相似文献
11.
Although flexible retirement is widely advocated in the professional literature, a recent survey indicates little movement toward flexibility at the operating level. Human resource managers perceive limited top management support for flexibility. Educational and research efforts are needed to improve retirement policies and more effectively utilize an aging work force. 相似文献
12.
In the Self Sufficiency Project Applicant Experiment, new welfare entrants were informed that if they remained on public assistance for a year they would become eligible to receive a generous earnings subsidy offer. Those who satisfied the waiting period, and then left welfare and began working full time within the following year, were entitled to receive payments for up to 36 months whenever they were off welfare and working full time. A simple optimizing model suggests that the program rules created an unusual sequence of incentives: (1) to prolong the initial spell on welfare for at least 12 months to become eligible for the subsidy offer; (2) to lock in subsidy entitlement by finding full time work and leaving welfare in the 12–24 month period after initial entry; and (3) to choose work over welfare during the three years that subsidies were available. Consistent with these implications, comparisons between the experimental treatment group and a randomly assigned control group show that the program increased welfare participation in the first year after initial entry and lowered it over the following 5 years. We develop an econometric model of welfare participation and program eligibility status that allows us to separately identify the behavioral effects associated with the program rules. We find important responses to all three incentives, and that the program impact persisted after subsidy payments ended, although the effect decayed over time. 相似文献
13.
Language proficiency may not only affect the earnings of the individual, but the probability to participate in the labor market or becoming employed as well. It may also affect selection of people into economic sector and occupation. In this paper, the effects of language proficiency on earnings are analyzed for foreigners in Germany with joint consideration of up to four types of selection. The results show that language proficiency significantly increases participation and employment probability and affects occupational choice. When selection into economic sector and occupation is regarded, we do not find an impact of language ability on earnings thereby implying an indirect effect. 相似文献
14.
This paper uses the Italian Social Security employer-employee panel to study the effects of the Italian reform of 1990 on worker and job flows. We exploit the fact that this reform increased unjust dismissal costs for businesses below 15 employees, while leaving dismissal costs unchanged for bigger businesses, to set up a natural experiment research design. We find that the increase in dismissal costs decreased accessions and separations for workers in small relative to large firms, especially in sectors with higher employment volatility, with a negligible impact on net employment. We also find some evidence suggesting that the reform reduced firms' entry rates and employment adjustments, but had no effect on exit rates. 相似文献
15.
Barbara M. Roberts 《Economic Systems Research》1995,7(3):291-308
The 1980s and the beginning of the 1990s have witnessed a period of economic reforms in Poland. The paper uses aggregated social accounting multipliers to assess whether any structural change at a macro-economic level has taken place in this period. Linkage analysis is adopted to evaluate intersectoral reallocation of resources. The results support the view that some macro-economic adjustment has taken place but they do not provide evidence of significant intersectoral shifts. 相似文献
16.
This article is concerned with British trade union membership statistics. It provides three different estimates of trade union density and considers their meaning and significance. It also assesses the reliability of union membership figures, and finally it provides fresh data on the unemployed membership of trade unions. 相似文献
17.
Dan ODonoghue 《International journal of urban and regional research》1999,23(3):549-566
Employment diversification has traditionally been seen as beneficial for local economies. Most of the previous research on diversity and diversification has been conducted in the North American context where a positive association between diversification and growth has been observed. This paper explores the diversification process for 150 Job-Centre Travel-to-Work Areas (JCTWAs) which make up what is called here the British urban system. Regression analysis is used to highlight that there is no evidence for the trends previously found in North America, in fact the opposite appears to be true. From 1978 to 1991 deindustrialization was seen to be a contributing factor to diversification and the associated decline of employment. Those centres which displayed growth from 1978 to 1991 were apparently those places which became more sectorally specialized, albeit from a relatively diverse initial position. — La diversification de l’emploi a traditionnellement été considérée comme profitable aux économies locales. Presque toutes les recherches précédentes sur la diversité et la diversification ont été conduites dans un contexte nord-américain où une association positive entre la diversification et la croissance a été observée. Cet article explore le processus de diversification pour cent cinquante Job-Centre Travel-to-Work Areas qui forment ce que l’on appelle ici le système urbain britannique. Une analyse de régression est utilisée afin de souligner qu’il n’y a aucune preuve des tendances précédemment découvertes aux États-Unis. Le contraire semble en fait plus probable. De 1978 á 1991 la déindustrialisation était considérée être une cause contribuant á la diversification et au déclin de l’emploi qui lui est associé. Les centres qui manifestaient de la croissance entre 1978 et 1991 étaient apparemment ceux qui sont devenus plus spécialisés par secteurs, même si leurs positions initiales étaient relativement diverses. 相似文献
18.
《Journal of Transnational Management》2013,18(3-4):309-330
SUMMARY Following the promulgation of a relatively progressive foreign investment law in late 1987-aimed at attracting western capital, technology, know-how and gaining access to global (and convertible currency) markets–Vietnam has gained a significant degree of interest amongst foreign companies. This paper profiles Vietnam's host country business environment, depicts the character of foreign direct investment so far undertaken (and its legislative background) before assessing the perceived attractions of the Vietnam host market, and the problems encountered by those intrepid firms that have entered this relatively uncharted new market. The empirical evidence emanates from a survey conducted into the experiences of British companies operative in Vietnam between 1988 and 1993. 相似文献
19.
Kurt V. Auer 《European Accounting Review》2013,22(4):587-623
Listing on a foreign stock exchange and the aim to attract international investors usually forces European quoted companies to adapt information supplied in financial statements to different information needs of international investors. Because of the dominance of the American stock market, this adaptation raises especially the question whether Anglo-American-oriented accounting standards (for instance IAS — International Accounting Standards) convey a higher information content for investors than continental-Europe-oriented accounting standards (for instance EC-Directives). The study examines the information content of earnings announcements, i.e. abnormal returns resulting from un-expected earnings, for a sample of Swiss quoted companies which have changed the accounting standard used for presenting Swiss GAAP consolidated financial statements to either EC-Directives or IAS and can therefore contribute to this discussion. The results of the study suggest that IAS-based earnings announce-ments convey a statistically significant higher information content than earnings announcements based on the Swiss GAAP if a variance-approach is used. For investors in the Swiss capital market, the switch from Swiss GAAP to IAS has therefore increased the information content of financial statements. But comparing IAS-based and EC-Directives-based earnings announcements, the results suggest that for investors IAS-based earnings do not possess a statistically significant higher information content than EC-Directives-based earnings. This result has been achieved despite the fact that for Swiss financial analysts financial statements based on IAS convey a significant higher information content than financial statements based on EC-Directives. Avoiding problems in specifying a model for unexpected earnings by standardizing the mean of the abnormal returns of each event window to a positive value does not lead to a different conclusion if the variance approach is used. 相似文献
20.
A bstract . With the growing concern over the causal relationship between crime and population change, this study readdresses the importance of economic organization in studying population change in a metropolitan area. This study investigates the dynamic influences of internal and external factors on population change in either central cities or their suburbs. The units of analysis in this study are the 142 U.S. central cities and their suburban rings of Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs) in 1980 and 1990. Two change models (semi-difference and mixed-difference models) are used to predict population change. The results demonstrate that population change in one territory of a metropolitan area is affected by crime and employment opportunity in both locations of a metropolitan area. 相似文献