Determinants of Different Modes of FDI: Firm-Level Evidence from Japanese FDI into the US

There are four major modes through which firms undertake foreign direct investment (FDI) – merger and acquisition (M&A), joint venture (JV), new plant (NP) and others (O). The four modes of FDI are distinct from each other, and each has its own unique advantages and disadvantages. While a large and growing empirical literature examines the determinants of FDI, very few studies examine the determinants of different modes of FDI. The central objective of this paper is to empirically analyze the extent to which the determinants of FDI such as firm size influences the choice of one mode of FDI over another. Our analysis follows a stylized two-stage investment process. First, we look at the probability of whether a Japanese firm is willing to undertake FDI in the US. Second, for firms that are willing to undertake FDI, we analyze which mode of FDI - i.e. M&A, joint venture, new plant or other FDI – they will undertake. The second stage is the innovation of this paper and its contribution to the FDI literature.     

The regional consequences of the Japanese second wave: A case study

This paper examines the Japanese “second wave” sector in the local economy. Following an examination of the development of the second wave Japanese-owned supplier sector in the UK, the paper assesses the role of this sector in the local economy, and questions the policy rationale of attracting this particular type of inward investment.     

Role of human capital on regional distribution of FDI in China: New evidences

This paper investigates the regional distribution of FDI in China with a focus on human capital from completely different and unique measurement. The novelty is the use of a set of six human capital indices: endowment, utilization, demography, productivity, support and health. It uses panel data estimation for 31 regions of China for 2002–2013 with the consideration of usual determinant variables in FDI study. The results suggest that foreign investors value the availability of human resources, both in terms of present (endowment) and future (demography) supply, as the most important factor in making their investment decisions. Health of labor force and quality of people working in scientific and technical fields were also found to be significant. Furthermore, local market size, infrastructure and location (being in coastal region) are significant determinants with western region, compared to central and northeastern regions, losing out the most to eastern region.     

Restructuring the electricity distribution industry: An analysis of the proposed ownership and governance structures of regional electricity distributors

The electricity distribution industry is currently fragmented and in a financial crisis. The government proposes restructuring the industry into a number of regional electricity distributors (REDs) that will take over the electricity distribution function from municipalities and Eskom, who will be given shares in the REDs in exchange for their distribution assets. It is also proposed that REDs be controlled by boards consisting of customers, trade unions, national and provincial governments, municipalities and Eskom. This article critically examines these and other restructuring options relating to the ownership and governance of REDs. It is argued that these proposals would perpetuate the inequalities that exist between historically advantaged and disadvantaged local governments; that they would extend Eskom's monopoly of the electricity industry, and that they would obstruct good governance and private investment in the sector. To conclude, the article makes a number of recommendations that would mitigate these negative consequences.     

Capital injection,restructuring targets and personnel management: The case of Japanese regional banks

A case study of the Japanese bank recapitalization by Hoshi and Kashyap (2005) identified a bank that overstated the progress of required personnel downsizing by shifting employees to subsidiaries. This paper asks if the recapitalization program had a design flaw. We focus on regional banks with a unique panel dataset of 81 banking groups that allows us to observe the employment levels of subsidiaries, in addition to those of parent banks, over fiscal 1994–2006. We estimate a labor-demand equation with sluggish adjustment to compare the employment patterns of public capital recipients and other banks. The result indicates that the shuffling of personnel to subsidiaries was a common response among banks that received large capital injections. Our finding highlights a tension between a reconstruction program and labor law when a country has a tight law on dismissal.     

世纪之交的日本企业并购与重组

在经历了泡沫经济和金融危机的冲击之后,日本经济开始了其痛苦的结构性改革。作为经济发展微观基础的日本企业面对大萧条的冲击不得不与原有“企业集团系列”的“日本式”经营模式相诀别。世纪之交的日本企业掀起了“关停并转”的浪潮。对日本这一并购重组浪潮发生的特点,原因及后果进行分析和探讨,总结其经验和教训,将给我们以很好的借鉴。     

Effects of regional integration on FDI: An empirical approach

This study uses an augmented gravity model to capture the effect of regional economic integration on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) flows in the cases of the EU, NAFTA, MERCOSUR, and ASEAN. Three important conclusions emerge: (i) regional integration has had a positive and significant effect on FDI, which is a combination of investment creation and diversion; (ii) investment diversion does occur in a significant number of cases, and hence it is a legitimate cause for concern, especially among developing countries that are not part of a regional grouping with at least one developed country; and (iii) FDI acts as a substitute for trade in a significant number of cases, although in some cases, it complements trade.     

转型中的日本对华直接投资

近10年来日本对华直接投资出现过两次高潮,中国已经成为日本最重要的投资对象国之一。制造业占到了日本对华投资的80%以上,运输机械、电机、机械、铁和有色金属、化学工业等5大产业是日本对华直接投资的主体。在中国经济周期变动、中日关系、日本国内经济形势和中国经济政策调整等因素的影响下,日本对华直接投资正处在新转折之中。今后一段时间内,日本对华直接投资额难以出现急剧的增长,但其结构将会进一步改善。     

Restructuring the electricity distribution sector: Implications for local government

This article discusses the proposals for restructuring the South African electricity distribution sector, with specific reference to the impact that such restructuring may have on local government. Currently, local government distributors rely on revenue from electricity sales to generate a surplus that is channelled into the relief of rates and provision of other services. The removal of this source of revenue may further impede the efficacy of local government. Issues pertaining to accountability, tax incidence and the financial viability of municipalities will also be affected, and therefore require further thought and clarification before a policy process is set in motion which yields adverse consequences.     

Heterogeneity and the FDI versus export decision of Japanese manufacturers

We investigate whether productivity differences explain why some manufacturers sell only to the domestic market while others serve foreign markets through exports and/or FDI. When overseas production offers no cost advantages, our model predicts that investors should be more productive than exporters. An extension allowing for low-cost foreign production can reverse this prediction. Data for 1070 large Japanese firms reveal that firms that invest abroad and export are more productive than firms that just export. Among overseas investors, more productive firms span a wider range of host-country income levels. J. Japanese Int. Economies 17 (4) (2003) 448–467.     

Impact of nontraditional activities on scale and scope economies: A case study of Japanese regional banks

The recent financial deregulation in Japanese banking has enabled regional banks to engage in trust businesses. This paper examines the impact of such nontraditional banking activities on cost structure by measuring economies of scale and scope. A generalized translog cost function, which can take zero outputs into consideration, is employed to simultaneously investigate entrants and non-entrants. While ray scale economies are observed for trust businesses, product-specific scale economies are not. Further, cost complementarities are not observed in almost all the pairwise combinations of the products. Thus, entering into the trust business yields no cost reduction for Japanese regional banks.     

The Interdependence and Cause of Japanese and US Stock Prices: An Event Study

This paper analyses the interdependence between the US and Japanese stock price indexes, focusing on whether it exists only when a large change in the index occurs and what its possible causes are. To this end, I employ a kind of 'event study', which seeks to investigate whether the stock price index of one country significantly reacts only to a large change in the index of the other country. The results suggest that: (i) a strong two-way causality between the indexes is recognized clearly when one index shows a large change, while the interdependence is much less clear for small changes; and (ii) the news of a large fall or rise of the index itself plays an important role in the interdependence.     

日本引进外国直接投资与提高经济活力分析

20世纪90年代中期前后,日本政府设立了专门机构并制定和实施了专门的计划来吸引外国直接投资,从而加大了引进外国直接投资的力度,外国直接投资的流入量也在不断增加。尽管在日本外国直接投资流出量和流入量不平衡以及流入量相对较少的状况没有根本改观,但是,逐渐增加的对日直接投资还是给东道国经济注入了新的活力,除了资金、技术和管理方法等经营资源流入以外,在振兴地方经济、提高企业全要素生产力和解决雇佣问题等方面也起到了非常重要的作用。     

Multinational enterprises, regional economic integration, and export-platform production in the host countries: An empirical analysis for the US and Japanese corporations

Multinational Enterprises, Regional Economic Integration and Export-Platform Production in the Host Countries: An Empirical Analysis for the US and Japanese Corporations. — This paper analyzes determinants of export orientation of overseas affiliates of US and Japanese MNEs for the 1982–1994 period. The author contends that production geared to MNEs’ home market and that production oriented to third-country markets are determined by different factors. The empirical analysis finds the home-market-oriented production concentrated in countries that offer low-cost workforce, enjoy geographical proximity or preferential access to the home market. The location of third-country-market-oriented exports is influenced more by strategic factors such as participation in regional trading blocs and preferential access to major markets than factor costs considerations.     

The effects of unemployment and inflation on the income distribution: A regional view

VI. Summary and Conclusions The behavior of the U.S. income distribution over the business cycle has been the subject of several previous studies. However, a facet of these inquiries which has not been viewed is the geographical effects within the U.S. The diverse economic characteristics of the country have contributed to uneven inflationary and unemployment experiences among the respective regions during the national business cycles. The purpose of this study has been to model the regional income inequality responses to the distinct macroeconomic records for the years 1968–1976. One general consequence of this study is the conformation of earlier work suggesting that in some settings increases in the unemployment rate tend to increase the extent of income inequality and that inflation tends to reduce the extent of such inequality. Another result, however, has not been anticipated: namely, that regional inflation and unemployment had a waker impact on the income distribution the more unequal the distribution. For example, the weakest effects of the business cycle were observed for the South, and it was the Southern region which had the greatest income inequality. The North Central region, on the other hand, showed the greatest sensitivity to the business cycle, and it has the most equal income distribution.¹² Such geographical disaggregation seems important in understanding the varied implicit distributional effects within the U.S. when macroeconomic policy is aimed at reducing unemployment and inflation.     

Exports, FDI, and Productivity: Dynamic Evidence from Japanese Firms

This paper examines the relationship between exports, foreign direct investment, and firm productivity. Using longitudinal panel data on Japanese firms, it is found that the most productive firms engage in exports and foreign direct investment, medium productive firms engage in either exports or foreign direct investment, and the least productive firms focus only on the domestic market. Moreover, exports and foreign direct investment appear to improve firm productivity once the productivity convergence effect is controlled for. Firms that retain a presence in foreign markets, either by exports or foreign direct investment, show the highest productivity growth, which contributes to improvements in national productivity. JEL no. F10, F20, D21     

日本引进外国直接投资与经济结构改革

20世纪90年代中期以后，日本一方面加大了引进外国直接投资的力度，另一方面又开始了新一轮经济结构改革，这两方面存在着密切的联系。随着外国直接投资的大量进入，日本对劳动力市场、企业和金融制度、税收制度等进行了重大的改革。从未来趋势看，引进外国直接投资可能在日本经济结构改革中有更强的促进作用。     

日本企业对外直接投资规避反倾销的经验研究

日本是贸易依存度高的国家,其出口产品在国际市场尤其在欧美市场占有率较高,但从20世纪50年代开始日本就遭受了来自欧美国家的大量反倾销制裁,由此不得不大幅度提高其出口产品价格,从此日本产品在国际市场的占有率迅速下降.但是,日本通过对外直接投资成功地规避了反倾销制裁等贸易摩擦.随着日本对外直接投资规避反倾销方式和措施的日益成熟.日本遭受的反倾销调查越来越少,跨国企业也对日本经济发挥了越来越广泛的作用.目前,中国也面临大量的反倾销制裁.日本规避反倾销引致对外直接投资的经验对我国有很多的借鉴之处.     

日本FDI在中国:趋势、结构和汇率中的角色

本文分析了 1981年到 2 0 0 1年日本在中国直接投资的趋势、结构和特征。从产业和企业层面 ,对在中国的日系制造商进行了深层次的研究。本文概括如下 :(1)日本对中国制造业的直接投资 ,主要是出口导向型的。将中国作为一个全球市场的生产基地 ,是日本跨国企业的主要目的 ;(2 )推动中日贸易增长的逆向进口 ,是在华日系制造商的主要生产目的之一 ;(3)人民币持续贬值和人民币盯住美元的汇率政策 ,是推动日本在华投资大幅增长的主要因素。本文的研究 ,部分解释了日本直接投资 ,从东南亚四国 :印度尼西亚 ,马来西亚 ,菲律宾和泰国 ,转向中国的原因。本文的研究表明 ,日本跨国公司在华以出口为导向的直接投资 ,加深了中日两个经济体产业之间的纵向结合 ,有效地将中国国内产业整合到全球生产链中     

FDI、FPI与经济增长之间的关系研究:以美国为例

本文以美国1972-2002年的统计数据为例,通过格兰杰因果关系检验模型以及Jo- hansen协整检验模型对流入美国的外国直接投资(FDI)、外国证券投资(FPI)和经济增长之间的短期关系和长期关系分别进行了实证研究。结果表明美国FDI、FPI和经济增长之间不但在短期存在双向格兰杰因果关系,而且在长期也存在着稳定的协整关系,并在此基础上得出相关有益的启示。