国际社会与南非的经贸合作

今年6月，南非议会以压倒多数废除了种族隔离制度的基本法－－《集团住区法》、《土地法》和《人口登记法》，这样，恶命昭著的南非种族隔离制度宣告结束，国际社会逐渐解除对南非的制裁，南非的国际经贸环境和条件在形成中。南非以其丰富的资源在国际市场中占有独特的地位，国际社会开始探讨与南非的经贸合作问题。     

数字公民身份对社区共同体建设的影响——基于结构方程模型的实证研究

建设社区治理共同体是建设社会治理共同体的基础.数字时代赋予了社区居民数字公民的身份,拓宽了其参与社区治理、与其他主体协同协商的方式.本文通过将数字公民模型(DCM)和社区治理共同体模型(CGC)相结合,得到一个对数字时代下的社区共同体更富有解释力的理论模型.根据调查所获得的374份有效问卷,采用结构方程模型(SEM)对假设加以检验.结果 发现,数字公民意识对于社区共同体建设具有显著的促进作用,这为解释居民的社区共同体建设提供了新的理论视角和实践路径.     

新生代农民工社会排斥现状研究

新生代农民工在我国有着近1个亿的庞大数字,随着国家现代化、城市化进程的深化和转型,社会排斥问题逐渐由个人发展问题扩大成为这个群体的发展问题。新生代农民工在融入城市的过程中,存在着种种障碍,遭遇着种种社会排斥现象,如身份排斥、心理排斥、制度排斥、空间排斥、文化排斥、交往排斥、经济排斥、政治排斥等等。     

矿山企业在社区建设中的社会责任

矿山企业,离不开社区民众的支持、容忍和默契,与所在社区民众是一种相互依存的社会关系;不只是矿业社区建设的消费者,更不是旁观者,而是社区建设的主要责任者。矿山企业不能将市场行为带入社区生活而损害社区民众的既有权益,必须承担维护社区建设的社会责任;社区中的"矿山企业公民"角色,应将经济人自利理性转换为社会人利他理性,成为社区民众的好伙伴、好邻居,承担推进矿业社区建设的社会责任。矿业企业在矿业社区建设中必须和应当承担的社会责任,既是挑战也是发展机遇。     

民族聚集区经济与跨国移民社会适应的差异性——南非的中国新移民研究

全球化时代跨国移民流动呈现出多样化趋势,既涌现了从不发达国家向发达国家的移民浪潮,也出现了不同发展中国家之间的迁移潮流.不同流向下跨国移民的社会适应,不能简单地用“同化论”、“多元文化论”等指涉从不发达国家向发达国家的移民群体的社会适应理论加以解释.中国移居南非之新移民在南非社会中建构起了具有“桥与墙”双重功能的民族聚集区经济:一方面促使中国新移民出于工具性目的去主动了解移居国的相关状况,同时也强化了中国新移民自身的族群认同,使得他们普遍缺乏主动融入当地社会的明确动机.因此,在民族聚集区经济的影响下,南非的中国新移民的社会适应呈现出“非零和型适应”和“多元适应”的二元化倾向.这种社会适应上的差异性体现在居留心态、社会空间及跨文化交际能力三个方面.     

女性公民权利的缺失和出路

历来的政治科学领域中，讨论的都是以男性视角和身份下的公平、正义、民主和平等权利，在传统哲学为男性公民界定了正义的执行权之后，女性就成为了政治之外的边缘者，作为家庭劳动者的政治附属者而存在，而在社会政治、经济全面发展的时代下，女性作为公民的权利已经觉醒，女性开始争取自己应有的社会公民权利，在女性个体与共同体之间的公民身份之中，探索其丰富的女性社会、政治和文化涵义，通过对女性公民权利缺失的问题分析，寻找女性公民权利的出路。     

试论聘用制社区工作人员的社会保障问题——以贵阳市为例

中国的城市社区因其特殊性和复杂性成为社会问题的重要集中场域,对社会治理有巨大影响。本研究关注城市社区工作人员,特别是那些身份未被制度认可的非在编社区工作人员,分析其面临的状况、困境以及原因,并在此基础之上探寻应对困境的框架性解决路径。     

社会变动之林:当代泰国公民身份的重构

本文将从三个方面来描述和分析当代泰国以丛林为发生场域的社会变动:第一,佛教改革运动的代表人物佛使比丘通过丛林修行产生的佛教思想及其倡导的禅修实践,是当代泰国知识群体重构公民—文化身份的重要依据;第二,1976年十月惨案后在泰国边境丛林加入泰国共产党的学生运动分子,他们中的部分人试图重新建构公民的政治权利;第三,自20世纪90年代以来受到关注的社区森林法案运动向我们展示了人与土地的天然联系被建构为公民的政治、社会与文化权利,国家主导的资本主义发展模式遭到地方社区和公民社会的抵抗。丛林并不是一个与主流或现代文明隔绝的空间,相反,二者之间的对话、妥协和相互激荡正是社会活力的来源。本文的结论部分将试图探讨丛林的象征意义、社会变迁机制和包容的公民身份等问题。     

社会资本、信任机制与社区公共池塘物品管理

我国社区公共池塘物品始终存在着资源浪费、供给低效等问题,人们一直在谋求新的管理模式扭转失效局面。埃莉诺.奥斯特罗姆提出的多中心治理模式为公共池塘物品的管理提供了新的思路;其中,依靠社会资本建立信任机制以实现社区公共池塘物品的有效管理更成为了新的研究视角。社会资本是公民参与互动活动所形成的社会关系资源,在社区公共池塘物品管理中具有促进社区成员协作、实现资源和谐使用、增强社区成员自治能力等作用,针对我国社会资本的特点,应在统一社区制度供给、强化社区成员可信承诺等方面加以推进。     

论社会排斥

“社会排斥”目前已经成为西方社会政策的研究重点。本文考察了社会排斥与贫困、能力剥夺之间的关系，论述了能力剥夺的关系特征，并指出“社会排斥”兼具建构性和工具性两种特征。最后，文章分析了“社会排斥”的多样性，讨论了不平等与关系贫困、劳动力市场上的排斥、信贷市场上的排斥、与性别相关的排斥与不平等、医疗保健、食品市场与贫困等问题。     

Migration Policy in a Small Open Economy with a Dual Labor Market

The paper uses a two–sector efficiency–wage model to analyze the consequences of immigration for a small open economy with a dual labor market. Immigrants are characterized by an (exogenous) return probability. Legal regulations impose preferential hiring of natives or "old" immigrants. As a result, there is sectoral segregation between natives and immigrants, leading to discrimination of the type equal pay for equal work,but unequal "work." In the short run (with sector–specific capital), immigration has a positive first–order impact on natives' welfare if migration policy favors segregation through high return rates or restrictive hiring practices ("guest–worker system"). In the long run, its effect is only determined by factor intensities (2 ¥ 2 model). Finally, the improved integration of migrants yields efficiency gains and improves aggregate welfare of all residents.     

Identity and social exclusion: an experiment with Hispanic immigrants in the U.S.

In this study we conduct a lab-in-the-field experiment with low-income Hispanics in three neighborhoods in a large city in the U.S. to investigate how identity and social exclusion influences individual contributions to fund local public goods. We find that while the strength of identity has a significant and positive impact on individual contributions to local public goods, the perception of social exclusion significantly decreases contributions. Our findings thus suggest factors that may impede full civic participation, and shed important light on potential policies to increase integration of immigrants and ethnic minorities into mainstream society.     

The political economy of naturalization

This paper presents a political economy model in which self‐interested natives decide when citizenship and/or voting rights should be granted to foreign‐born workers. Native voters know that immigrants hold different ‘political’ preferences and would thus tend to postpone their enfranchisement as much as possible. They also consider, however, that a more restrictive naturalization policy may reduce the gains from immigration. We find that the optimal timing of naturalization depends on the quantity, quality (productivity), and preferences of potential immigrants, the political composition and the age structure of the native population, as well as the sensitivity of migration choices to the citizenship issue.     

服务使用与社会融合:香港新移民的一项探索性研究

基于285名香港新移民的问卷调查探索服务使用与社会融合之间的关联。香港新移民在社会融合过程面临一定的困难,具体表现在社会网络、社会参与和社会认同这三个层面。服务使用可以强化新移民的社会认同感,促进朋辈关系网络的建立和功能的发挥,提高参与者的就业能力和经济独立能力,从而帮助他们参与社会、贡献社会和融入社会。提出了相应的政策和服务建议。     

Does immigration crowd out foreign direct investment inflows? Tradeoff between contemporaneous FDI-immigration substitution and ethnic network externalities

This study examines the dynamic interactions between immigration and inward foreign direct investment (FDI) using bilateral data on these indicators between Japan and each of the 29 countries/economies of origin for both FDI and immigrants into Japan during 1996–2011. Although literature shows a positive FDI–migration relationship, I distinguish between short- and long-term effects of immigration, and show a contemporaneous negative relationship between FDI and immigration. The results show that immigration flows discourage FDI inflows (FDI–migration substitution), although larger immigration stocks induce FDI inflows (ethnic network externalities). Therefore, total effects need to be evaluated considering a tradeoff between contemporaneous substitution and the longer-term complementarity from network effects. While inward FDI promotion and immigration enhancement are often suggested as solutions to resolving shortages in domestic savings and labor, our results have implications for addressing the increasingly daunting policy issue of population aging.     

Seeds of distrust: conflict in Uganda

We study the effect of civil conflict on social capital, focusing on Uganda’s experience during the last decade. Using individual and county-level data, we document large causal effects on trust and ethnic identity of an exogenous outburst of ethnic conflicts in 2002–2005. We exploit two waves of survey data from Afrobarometer (Round 4 Afrobarometer Survey in Uganda, 2000, 2008), including information on socioeconomic characteristics at the individual level, and geo-referenced measures of fighting events from ACLED. Our identification strategy exploits variations in the both the spatial and ethnic intensity of fighting. We find that more intense fighting decreases generalized trust and increases ethnic identity. The effects are quantitatively large and robust to a number of control variables, alternative measures of violence, and different statistical techniques involving ethnic and spatial fixed effects and instrumental variables. Controlling for the intensity of violence during the conflict, we also document that post-conflict economic recovery is slower in ethnically fractionalized counties. Our findings are consistent with the existence of a self-reinforcing process between conflicts and ethnic cleavages.     

America's post-war immigration policy

This article provides a historical perspective on immigration policy in the US after World War II and assesses the present situation. US immigration and refugee policy has undergone significant change since World War II. The McCarran-Walter Act of 1952, which instituted a system of proportional quotas based on national origins, was discarded in 1965 following years of criticism that it discriminated against nonwhites. Third World immigrants, especially from Asia and the Americas, have benefited from the immigration laws. However, the problems resulting from unrestricted and undifferentiated immigration are now becoming apparent, even to liberal critics of previous national origins policies. During the 1970s, there was a 61% increase in the number of Mexican nationals in the US and Mexicans currently comprise over 20% of the population in 40 Congressional districts in 8 states. 83.3% of legal immigrants, and all illegal immigrants, are of non-European descent--a fact that may retard their assimilation and intensify ethnic tensions. There is a danger that the concept of national borders may become superfluous. The theoreticval liberalism of the 1950s and 1960s is, in the 1970s, being confronted with the reality of large numbers of immigrants unable and unwilling to be absorbed into a previously European-dominated country. It is concluded that the enforced application of the concept of equality in matters of immigration has not been the panacea that its liberal proponents envisioned.     

The drowning-refugee effect: media salience and xenophobic attitudes

We study whether salient media coverage of refugees drowning in the Mediterranean affects individual xenophobic attitudes. We combine a randomized survey experiment – a variant of the classic ‘trolley dilemma’ – that implicitly elicits individual attitudes towards foreigners, with variation in interview timing, and find that such issue salience significantly decreases xenophobic attitudes by 2.2 percentage points. Our results thus support the idea that exposure to news describing immigrants as victims (instead of a threat) can significantly affect public opinion and mitigate bias against immigrants.     

1948年槟城的“分离运动”与“逃遁的”华侨民族主义

本文从社群主义的视角,通过分析1948年发生在马来西亚槟城的“分离运动”,展现华侨民族主义在“民族／国家”的架构下发生转变的历史实践过程,促使我们重新思考民族主义对多元族群国家的解构和重组所带来的社会问题。文章认为,槟城华人的社群主义具有深厚的历史渊源,1948年的分离事件说明,民族／国家以“公民权资格”作为工具来调整社群关系,如果携裹本土民族主义的意志,就会不可避免地导致社群边界的强化。作为少数民族的族群常常在民族主义的挤压下释放出地方性社群主义的认同意识,尽管其目的只是为了最大限度地维护个体的权利和民主政治的基础,但无疑会削弱对民族／国家的认同,从而造成社会分离。     

Birthplace diversity and economic prosperity

We propose an index of population diversity based on people’s birthplaces and decompose it into a size (share of immigrants) and a variety (diversity of immigrants) component. We show that birthplace diversity is largely uncorrelated with ethnic, linguistic or genetic diversity and that the diversity of immigrants relates positively to measures of economic prosperity. This holds especially for skilled immigrants in richer countries at intermediate levels of cultural proximity. We address endogeneity by specifying a pseudo-gravity model predicting the size and diversity of immigration. The results are robust across specifications and suggestive of skill-complementarities between immigrants and native workers.