科技人才激励政策文本研究——以“北上广深”为例

科技人才是重要人力资源。自2017年以来，我国通过各类人才激励政策集聚人才，增加地区人力资本存量，推动地区经济高质量发展。本文从科技人才激励角度出发，收集了近年来北京、上海、深圳和广州四个城市科技人才激励政策文本，借助政策工具理论和马斯洛需求理论构建了二维政策分析框架，并运用内容研究法和对比分析法对收集的政策文本进行探析，探究以供给型安全需求政策和供给型自我实现政策为主的科技人才激励政策体系。     

城市生活垃圾管理政策工具研究

随着社会发展,城市生活垃圾产量与成分的变化为城市生活垃圾的管理带来新的挑战与机遇。从城市生活垃圾管理政策工具入手,并将其分为命令-控制型、经济激励型以及公众参与型,分别对三类政策工具的政策对象以及政策功能进行分析,探讨了不同的政策工具对城市生活垃圾管理的影响与作用。     

中国城市大气污染治理概论

通过梳理建国后城市大气污染的演变特征和治理政策的变迁过程,发现我国城市大气污染治理存在着科学研究不充分、政策制定滞后、治理工具单一、行政激励不相容以及社会公众参与不足等问题。提出了应从提高科学认知、完善市场机制、构建有效的约束与激励、加强区域合作以及引入社会力量协同治理等方面完善城市大气污染治理政策的建议。     

低碳城市试点政策对城市绿色创新效率的影响——来自长三角地区的经验证据

基于2000—2020年长三角地区41个城市的面板数据，采用Super-SBM模型分析了城市绿色创新效率的时空演变趋势，在此基础上，运用空间渐进双重差分模型揭示了低碳城市试点政策对城市绿色创新效率的影响效应及其时空异质性。研究发现：(1)2000—2020年，长三角地区城市绿色创新效率整体呈现上升态势，绿色创新效率的空间辐射模式由“圈层扩散”向“多核心轴带扩散”转变。(2)低碳城市试点政策显著提升了长三角地区试点城市的绿色创新效率，且政策效应可持续5年，研究结论经过一系列稳健性检验后依然成立。(3)低碳城市试点的政策效应存在空间溢出效应，本城市的低碳治理将对地理相邻和经济相邻的城市溢出“制度红利”,且对地理相邻城市的绿色创新效率具有更强的激励效应。(4)低碳城市试点政策对城市绿色创新效率的激励效应和空间溢出效应受到城市资源环境属性和绿色创新效率属性的影响，其在非资源城市和高效率城市中更为显著。     

新型城镇化背景下的绿色生态城市发展

当前,绿色生态发展已经成为我国新型城镇化战略的核心举措。随着绿色生态发展理念的不断深入和相关政策的相继出台,我国已经有越来越多的城市开展了绿色生态城市和城区的规划建设实践。在梳理各级政府激励政策的基础上,从实践类型、建设规模、开发模式和规划重点几方面对近年来绿色生态城区的发展概况进行了分析,并展望了绿色生态城市的发展趋势,提出相关对策和建议。     

美国城市雨水污染管理政策分析及其对我国的启示

随着中国城市化进程的加快,城市里不透水地面面积的增加以及地面污染物的积累,城市非点源污染对中国水环境的威胁日益加剧。总结我国现有法律法规、管理条例中的相关规定可以发现,城市非点源管理仍是我国水环境保护中的盲点。继而本文将运用环境政策分析的一般模式对美国城市"暴雨计划"进行分析,并提出加快修订相关法律法规、明确管理责任、采用激励手段等政策建议。     

城市自行车交通政策演变及复兴政策制定要点

过去40年，在能源危机、全球气候变化和新冠疫情背景下，世界各国积极探索了城市自行车交通复兴。选取哥本哈根、伦敦、北京和深圳四个城市，结合自行车出行比例分析城市自行车交通政策演变，通过政策作用比较提出城市自行车交通政策要点和关键策略，最后讨论了我国复兴自行车交通的政策框架和要点。我国应抓住“双碳”窗口期，尽快构建“四位一体”的城市自行车复兴政策体系，强调自行车在减控碳方面的重要作用、鼓励盘活现状资源和加强自行车路权保障。探索制定国家自行车专项规划，构建“平疫结合”多层级的自行车道路系统，对道路车辆和居民区分采用刚性约束和激励引导政策。     

发达国家共同配送政策措施和发展模式分析与借鉴

城市配送的发展保障了城市经济的运行城市配送的发展保障了城市经济的运行,加快了城市物资的流通,给城市居民的生活带来了便利。然而然而,许多问题也在凸显在凸显,如城市配送带来的便利性与环境问题日益产生冲突、个体经济活动的高效与社会总体发展的低效之间的冲突等等。发达国家的实践证明发达国家的实践证明:发展共同配送能有效缓解城市交通拥堵发展共同配送能有效缓解城市交通拥堵,促进节能减排。其做法为其做法为:重视绿色物流规划划;出台具体的引导激励政策以及扶持政策出台具体的引导激励政策以及扶持政策;限定使用专用的配送车型和规定预留专用装卸货区限定使用专用的配送车型和规定预留专用装卸货区;优化发展不同的共同配送模式。本文认为通过分析和借鉴发达国家的政策措施本文认为通过分析和借鉴发达国家的政策措施,研究其先进的共同配送模式,能给我国城市共同配送的发展带来重要的启示。     

R&D税收激励政策的国际比较及其启示

世界各国政府为了促进企业对R&D活动的支出,实施了各种激励政策,特别是税收激励政策。世界上不同的发达国家在税收激励政策上取得的成功值得我们借鉴。本文分析了部分发达国家的税收激励政策特点,并于我国税收激励政策进行比较,提出了一定的意见和建议。     

城市公用事业PPP监管体系研究

在分析中国城市公用事业PPP现行监管制度缺陷的基础上,提出应建立"监管法规政策完善、监管机构执行有力、监管绩效评价科学"的现代监管体系。其基本实现途径是,完善城市公用事业PPP监管法规政策体系,依据法规政策监管,实现监管有据;重构城市公用事业PPP监管机构体系,合理配置监管责权,实现运行高效;构建城市公用事业PPP监管评价体系,根据监管绩效进行奖励或问责,实现激励有效。     

On the use of policy to reduce housing market segmentation

This paper discusses two questions: (i) in Britain, can the movements of households away from cities be reversed by suitable government policies? (ii) Can integrated rather than segregated communities be developed? We consider the use of three types of policy instrument—land use planning, area regeneration initiatives and fiscal incentives targeted at individual households. We employ two types of model to investigate these policies—firstly, illustrative cellular automata, designed to illustrate the stability of segregation and, secondly, a fully estimated model of location choice. Our results suggest that there is potential for wider use of fiscal policy to influence population distributions.     

现代企业自主创新与税制激励:问题与出路

为实施自主创新战略,需要从税收政策上为国内企业的自主创新提供必要的外部激励环境。我国现行税制存在对自主研发激励不足、税收优惠体系不完善、税收优惠政策偏重于创新结果以及个人所得税优惠不明显等问题。下一步应当调整政策激励重点,确立研发环节税收激励的核心地位,同时要加快鼓励创新的企业所得税制改革,健全创新人才的税收激励机制,健全有利于自主创新的税收征管制度。     

Environmental regulation,pollution reduction and green innovation: The case of the Chinese Water Ecological Civilization City Pilot policy

This paper treats the Water Ecological Civilisation City Pilot (WECCP) policy as a quasi-natural experiment, and integrates environmental regulation, pollution reduction and green innovation into a unified analytical framework. Based on the pollution emission index and green patent data for 283 Chinese cities from 2010 to 2018, we examine the impact of WECCP policy on urban pollution emissions and green innovation by using a difference-in-differences model. The results show that the WECCP policy has significant regional pollution reduction effects, that is, the policy significantly reduces water pollution in the pilot cities, while it has a weak impact on air quality improvement. Also, we find that the WECCP policy significantly promotes the growth of the number of green patent applications in the pilot cities, indicating that the policy can significantly improve urban green innovation capacity. The mediating effect analysis shows that the WECCP policy can improve regional environmental quality by enhancing urban green innovation ability. Furthermore, the heterogeneity analysis demonstrates that the WECCP policy has more significant effects on pollution reduction and green innovation in small cities.     

Environmental policy and innovations

The paper defines and uses the concepts environmental policy cycle and innovation cycle and explores the links between the two in search for an environmental policy that creates incentives for innovation in environmental technology. We conclude that key factors are shortening the period the bureaucracy takes for preparing new environmental requirements, transparency and consistency of bureaucratic and political decision‐making and fast and strict implementation with environmental policy instruments that give pollution sources freedom in their choice of suitable technology. Economic instruments provide strong incentives for innovation because they speed up implementation. Large R&D subsidies may be needed to make technology development profitable under the conventional policy of direct regulation by emission standards and regulation by way of covenants. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.     

Do liberal cities limit new housing development? Evidence from California

Traditional explanations for why some communities block new housing construction focus on incumbent home owner incentives to block entry. Local resident political ideology may also influence community permitting decisions. This paper uses city level panel data across California metropolitan areas from 2000 to 2008 to document that liberal cities grant fewer new housing permits than observationally similar cities located within the same metropolitan area. Cities experiencing a growth in their liberal voter share have a lower new housing permit growth rate.     

Understanding peak avoidance commuting by subway: an empirical study in Beijing

Congestion is a major problem for peak-hour commuters in the Beijing subway system, as it leads to long queuing times and overcrowded vehicles. This paper explores to what extent peak travel can be reduced by providing incentives for peak avoidance. In a stated preference study, travellers’ responses to two financial and two non-financial incentives were measured, and factors increasing or limiting the response were identified. Our results suggest that all four incentives can be reasonably effective tools and the financial incentives seem to have a slightly stronger effect than the services and credit-for-gifts-based scenarios. Ordered logit models indicate that various factors influence people’s receptiveness of incentives for peak avoidance which relate to the ease of change or presence of alternatives and receptiveness to incentives. Both theoretical and policy implications are concluded that the proposed factors and incentive system can help solving the subway congestion in Beijing.     

完善我国研发支出的财税政策

随着经济发展,研发创新活动已经成为各国竞争的重要手段之一。科技创新可以优化一个国家的资源配置,提高国家的综合竞争力。各国政府为了研发创新活动的开展,都在积极探索并制定研发创新的财税政策。本文分析了我国目前研发支出财税政策存在的不足之处,如财税政策的受益范围窄且力度小、财税支持方式不合理及法律法规不健全等问题。接着介绍国外激励研发创新的财税政策,总结出对我国财税政策的启示。最后从扩大财税政策激励范围、丰富财税政策激励方式以及完善我国财税的法律法规等方面提出优化我国研发支出财税政策的建议。     

Public policy and innovation: The case of pharmaceuticals

The pharmaceutical industry has been subject in recent years to an expanding set of regulatory constraints and related policy actions adversely affecting its level of innovation. The experiences of this industry provides some important insights for recent national policy discussions on declining innovation in the U.S. and the need for economic “revitalization”. The first section of the paper considers the societal benefits resulting from new drug therapies and other kinds of industrial innovation. An analysis of the basic characteristics of the R and D investment decision is then undertaken along with recent trends in various determinant factors. The last half of the paper evaluates the effects of government regulatory, patent, and reimbursement policies on R and D incentives and the level of pharmaceutical innovation. The paper concludes with several recommendations for policy changes to improve the incentives for industrial innovation in this and related high technology industries.     

Monetary policy,bank leverage,and financial stability

This paper shows that with limited liability banks lever up excessively to finance new loans. Lower monetary policy rates can worsen or reduce these incentives depending on the size of the shock when equity financing is ruled out. When this constrained is relaxed but the bank faces costly dividend adjustment, lower monetary policy rates always worsen risk-taking incentives and the effect is persistent. The reason is that costly dividend adjustment lowers the opportunity cost of lending. In this model, capital requirements are closer to the source of the distortion and thus work better than loan-to-value caps in reducing excessive risk taking.     

我国城市低碳建筑发展缓慢的原因分析

分析了低碳建筑的内涵,论述了低碳建筑与低碳城市的关系。认为我国城市低碳建筑所以发展缓慢,是相关法规不完善、相关政策缺乏可操作性、相关政策落实不到位、执行人员存在认知偏差等所致。基于此提出了推动我国城市低碳建筑发展的政策建议。