农业旅游开发中的问题与对策

农业旅游作为一种新兴产业,是现代农业经济中一个新的增长点。面对我国农业旅游的开发热潮,针对我国农业旅游开发的问题及现状,提出相应的对策及主张。     

农业生态旅游经济的可持续发展探析

农业生态旅游是近年来日渐兴起的旅游项目,农业生态旅游对于提高农民收入,建设社会主义新农村具有重要的作用.可持续的农业生态旅游发展应具备如下特点,文化的持续发展、经济的持续发展和生态环境的持续发展.我国目前农业生态旅游资源的开发面临着两个方面的阻碍,其一是农业生态旅游产品失真,其二是农业生态系统遭到破坏.为此,要适度开发,保护农业生态环境;开发高质量的旅游特色产品;优化旅游产业要素结构,推动旅游产业升级.     

农业旅游学的基本内涵

农业旅游学是一门交叉于农业与旅游之间的交叉学科,指的是研究农业旅游运动规律的学科。它以农业旅游为研究对象,研究如何将其开发、建设成审美对象、旅游对象并加以开发、利用;它运用农学和旅游学这两大学科来研究农业旅游问题;农业旅游运动规律具有季节性、地区性、市民性和参与性等四个特征。     

区域休闲农业旅游开发的风险评价——以浙江省为例

风险是区域休闲农业旅游开发不可回避与亟待探究的问题。为深化区域休闲农业旅游开发风险的认识与实践,研究以休闲农业旅游开发较为成熟的典型地浙江省为案例,运用数据包络与因子分析方法,在对区域休闲农业旅游开发当前效率与未来潜力进行评价与分析的基础上,借助合图法以效率与潜力为聚类指标,通过两者比较对浙江省休闲农业旅游开发风险进行整体分析和评价,并将其划分为休闲农业旅游低风险积极开发、较低风险适宜开发、一般风险适度开发和较高风险整合开发等4类区域。最后,总结浙江省休闲农业旅游开发风险特征为:(1)开发风险与区域经济发展水平和区位优势条件存在明显的相关关系;(2)区域间经济社会相关联系程度影响开发风险分布方向;(3)开发水平在空间上存在较强的收敛性特征,并从中提炼出明确区域休闲农业旅游开发方向、营造良好区域交流与合作环境和构建区域休闲农业旅游开发风险协同管理机制等开发风险规避策略。     

农业民俗中面临的旅游开发问题

农业民俗是劳动人民智慧的结晶。北京的农业民俗产业蒸蒸日上,如何将农业民俗和旅游开发很好地结合起来？如何将农业民俗作为一种珍贵的旅游文化资源很好地保护、开发和利用？如何将农业民俗作为一种精神旅游资源代代相传、发扬光大？本文结合国内外对于农业民俗旅游资源的开发及笔者在北京平谷区熊尔寨乡的实地民俗旅游田野调查研究结果进行探讨,并对北京农业民俗的旅游开发问题做出展望。     

加速关中农业产业化进程

分析了关中农业产业化的现状和现状和存在的问题;提出了加快关中农业产业化吉利的对策和建议 。     

基于低碳视角的凯里市休闲农业旅游开发

[目的]分析凯里市休闲农业旅游空间分布状况,挖掘贵州省凯里市休闲农业旅游开发潜力。[方法]文章借助熵权—离差最大化法确定指标权重,并选取单元加权法测算凯里市休闲农业旅游开发适宜性得分,分析凯里市休闲农业旅游开发的适宜程度,借助GIS空间分析法,分析凯里市休闲农业旅游开发适宜程度空间分布状况。[结果](1)通过农业旅游开发适宜性得分可知,凯里市下辖15个镇中,三棵树镇、旁海镇、舟溪镇、凯棠镇等为代表的9镇相对适宜休闲农业旅游开发,大风洞镇、炉山镇由于自身经济发展水平限制,休闲农业开发条件薄弱;(2)休闲农业旅游开发适宜性在凯里市具有明显的空间异质性,大致呈现出由东向西休闲农业旅游开发适宜性逐渐减小的空间分布形态。[结论]凯里市大部分区域适宜休闲农业旅游的发展,未来应大力提倡适宜性程度高的乡镇发展休闲农业。     

农业休闲旅游的特征及其开发模式

近年来,农业休闲旅游蓬勃发展,有必要加强相关方面的基础理论和应用研究.本文从资源、市场、产品三个层面揭示了农业休闲旅游的特征,从开发主体、资源利用、旅游市场等不同角度切入对现存的开发模式进行探讨,并对农业休闲旅游的开发提出建议.     

打造精品线路发展农业旅游

奉贤农业旅游资源较为丰富．开发旅游农业,能有效推进农业经济的综合发展,是增加农民收入的新途径;大力发展旅游农业,要科学整合旅游资源,注重生态、环保、娱乐、休闲的相互融合;开发旅游农业要与农业科教实验及相关产业的开发有序结合．提升奉贤都市型农业的综合效应;开发旅游农业应注重设计和科学管理。     

海南省农业旅游区划及空间优势分析

[目的]针对海南省农业旅游区划及空间发展优势展开研究,以期为弥补海南省农业旅游研究缺陷和政府制定区域农业旅游发展方向提供支持。[方法]采用统计分析法研究2012~2016年海南省农业旅游发展状况,主要包括休闲农业企业数量、年接待游客数量、年营业收入和从业人数历年变化情况,计算5年间的增长率,分析其农业旅游发展趋势及对当地农业和农民的影响。采用资料分析法整理海南省的特色农业旅游资源,分析其可持续发展的潜力;明确海南省农业旅游区划及其主要休闲农业资源状况,分析各区域发展的空间优势。[结果]2012~2016年海南省农业旅游发展势头良好,休闲农业企业数量、年营业收入和从业人数连年递增,年接待游客数量年际间略有波动,5年间,休闲农业企业数量增长83.09%,年接待游客数量增长48.15%,年营业收入增长103.4%,从业人数增长率达到579.31%。在政府的统一指导下,农业旅游资源得到大力开发,形成地方特色,农业资源投入旅游的比例达到80%以上,并建成很多休闲农业园和热带植物观光园。海南省根据地理优势和农业资源优势将全省的农业旅游划分为5个区域,各区域具有独特的休闲农业资源和空间发展优势。[结论]海南省休闲农业旅游发展迅猛、势头良好;农业旅游资源开发潜力巨大,特色农业、特色民族风情和特色文化为农业旅游提供强大资源库;全省农业旅游形成五位一体的总区划,能够有效发挥区域农业资源优势和空间优势。     

Assessment of social–ecological transitions in a peri-urban Ethiopian farming community

In a peri-urban poverty-stricken community in the outskirts of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 15 years of development efforts were undertaken by establishing an enterprise, which initially consisted of a horticultural farm and finally was composed of a multifunctional farm and a restaurant with a shop. The enterprise collaborated with BioEconomy Africa, which was charged with administrative, monitoring and facilitation tasks, and provided a training, demonstration and research facility. In the innovation process, the enterprise selected technologies and implemented them within the context of local economic and market conditions. The project benefitted from a flexible allocation of modest funds. This paper assesses the sustainability of the enterprise and the community on the basis of social–ecological system transformability and resilience. The scheme of the Food and Agriculture Organization is used to evaluate the transformability, while resilience is evaluated through self-organization capacity, disturbance absorption capacity, and learning and adaptability. The project period was divided into five Macro-phases. The transformability assessment of the enterprise revealed nonlinear and asynchronous dynamics of environmental sustainability, economic resilience, social well-being and governance that after reaching a minimum attained a maximum at the end of the period under observation. The resilience assessments showed that the self-organization capacity, the disturbance absorption capacity, and learning and adaptability slowly changed to reach a satisfactory level at the end of the observation period. The changes in transformability and resilience profoundly affected the livelihood of the community. The paper demonstrates the important role of agricultural in the development of poverty-stricken peri-urban communities and indicates that innovation processes and the efficiency of facilitation extension model implementation can be enhanced by applying adaptive project execution procedures. It can be concluded that the continuous monitoring and assessments of transformability and resilience are a prerequisite for efficiently moving the socio-ecological system on a smooth road towards a socially acceptable standard of living.     

Land for dignity and struggle for identity: Landlordism and caste in a village of south India

The paper is concerned with the contemporary relevance of caste to agrarian capitalism and the relations of dependency and allegiance it fosters in a village of Andhra Pradesh. It deploys the method of village study to examine the two-way interaction between agrarian class and caste relations and the emerging rural-based informal nonfarm economy. It elaborates the continuation of relations of debt, dependency, and political allegiance fostered by landlordism despite significant diversification to nonfarm by landlords and labour and identifies the crucial role of land inequality and the working of ritual hierarchy in locking Dalit caste in land-based relations of dependency. The paper highlights the importance of expanding the definition of landlordism as the use of social power for accumulation by embedding it in the motives and values generated by the Hindu social order. While the new wave of literature focuses attention on global capital and commodity chains to understand differentiation of rural population and ruralities, the paper emphasizes the persistent significance of landholding provincial capital in shaping class/caste relations and rural politics and argues for a course correction in thinking about the processes of globalization and new forms of labour control and stresses the continuing significance of the agrarian question.     

中国羊草适宜性区划与种植现状分析

草种栽培区划是农牧业发展的必然趋势,通过实行草种区划,不但可以充分发掘利用现有的优良牧草和饲料作物资源,还可以避免有些地区引种筛选的重复劳动和盲目的国外引种的失败。文章以我国主要的优良牧草—羊草为研究对象,开展羊草在我国适宜性区划与种植现状的研究。适宜性区划是基于自然要素的生态适宜性模型,结合牧草生物学特性,综合考虑各因子进行系统分析,同时联系牧草实际生产情况完成,种植现状通过统计数据获得。研究结果明确了羊草在全国生态范围内适宜性的分布区域,提出了我国主要栽培牧草生态适宜区、次适宜区、不适宜区,其中适宜区主要分布在东北区中北部,内蒙古区中东部,黄土高原区部分区域、华北区北端。次适宜区主要分布在东北区中部、内蒙古区北部及中部、华北区中部。根据近10年的统计数据,对羊草在我国的种植现状有了一个初步了解,截止2011年,我国羊草种植面积达66.37万hm~2。研究结果理论上科学,模拟结果上准确。     

重庆市县域乡村性空间分异及其影响因素

目的 分析重庆市县域乡村性演变及其影响因素,对深入理解重庆市城乡关系及其互动过程,落实乡村振兴战略具有重要意义。方法 文章以重庆市32个县（区）为研究对象,运用ESDA空间统计方法、多元线性回归和地理探测分析方法,探讨2000年以来重庆市县域乡村性的空间分异格局及其格局形成的影响因素。结果 （1）2000年以来,重庆市县域乡村性逐渐减弱,主城都市区乡村性较弱、渝东北和渝东南乡村性较强的整体格局稳定,巫溪县、城口县、彭水县、酉阳县等渝东北和渝东南的县（区）的乡村性较强。（2）重庆市县域乡村性的空间集聚和空间极化效应明显,在多种作用力的交互影响下,呈现出重庆市域的多圈层结构和区域性的双圈层结构。（3）自然力和区位力形成了重庆市县域乡村性分异的基础地理格局,市场力和行政力对这种格局进行调整、优化,在4种力及其交互作用下,形成了重庆市县域乡村性的空间分异格局。结论 结合重庆市实际情况探索了乡村性的空间分异格局及其影响因素,为乡村振兴潜力区域发展提供建议。     

Land-use change and socio-ecological drivers of wetland conversion in Ha Tien Plain,Mekong Delta,Vietnam

The loss and degradation of wetlands in the Mekong Delta has been caused by a combination of human activities (social systems) and natural events (ecological systems). However, the complexity and interaction of these socio-ecological factors are poorly understood. This study provides a better understanding of the complex social-ecological factors affecting land-cover change in the Phu My Lepironia grassland conservation area, part of Kien Giang Biosphere Reserve, Vietnam. A systems thinking approach was used to determine the interaction between the social system and land-use and land-cover changes. Results indicate that ensuring food supply and improving income are the key endogenous drivers of wetland degradation in the study area. Over-exploitation of wetland resources and inappropriate agricultural practices are accelerating wetland conversion and degradation. The conflict and unclear land tenure, coupled with a desire for higher income, has driven the community to convert and reclaim large parts of the wetland. This process is also driven exogenously by wetland access and the fluctuation of commodity prices, which in-turn results in transition from traditional to extensive cropping systems and expansion of cultivated land into the protected wetland. The relationship between people and wetlands must be central to the development of wetland policies and wetland management approaches. This will improve how land use policy supports sustainable sources of food and income for the local community and concurrently reduce pressures on wetland degradation. Any efforts made to protect the remnant wetland grassland and its diverse ecosystem by regulation should be supplemented by developing and sustaining the relationship between social systems and ecological systems.     

新疆地区植被对水热条件的时滞响应

文章基于1981~2006年气温、降水及GIMMS-NDVI数据集,采用时滞相关分析法,以新疆地区为例,从植被对水热条件的响应时效与响应程度分析干旱生态系统植被对主要气候因子的月尺度记忆效应。结果表明:新疆地区植被对降水的响应一般以时滞2个月为主,对气温的响应一般以时滞1个月为主,植被对前期降水与对同期气温的响应程度较为明显。但不同气候区域、不同类型的植被对水热因子在记忆效应表现出明显的时空异质性:(1)从时滞响应时效来看,北疆地区植被对气温的响应滞后1个月,对降水的响应滞后2个月,南疆地区植被对气温与降水的响应均滞后2个月,天山山区植被对气温与降水的响应均滞后1个月;草甸草原、典型草原、荒漠草原及人工植被对气温的响应均滞后1个月,而沼泽植被对气温的响应时滞最长可达3个月,草甸与草原植被对降水的响应均滞后1个月,而荒漠、沼泽及人工植被对降水的响应则滞后2个月;(2)从时滞响应程度来看,北疆地区前1个月的降水对植被的影响程度大于同期与前2个月的影响程度,而气温对植被同期的影响程度大于前期(前1个月与前2个月),南疆地区前1个月的降水与气温对植被的影响程度均大于同期与前2个月,天山山区则是同期的降水与气温对植被的影响程度均大于前期(前1个月);草甸与草原植被同期对水热的响应相关程度均大于前期,荒漠与人工植被对前1个月的降水响应程度大于同期,而对温度的响应程度与降水正好相反,同期大于前期,沼泽植被对水热条件的响应程度与草甸与草原植被相反,均呈现为前期大于同期。此结果将有助于更加深入地认识西北干旱生态系统植被对气候变化影响的信息反馈。     

Gender,Generation and the Experiences of Farm Dwellers Resettled in the Ciskei Bantustan,South Africa,ca 1960–1976

This paper examines the experiences of farm dwellers resettled in rural townships in the Ciskei Bantustan during the decades of the 1960s and 1970s. Drawing on the oral testimonies of elderly residents of Sada and Ilinge townships, the paper shows how gendered and generational inequalities within households were crucial factors shaping individuals' experiences of resettlement from the farms. The paper engages with an older literature that regarded the abolition of labour tenancy and linked resettlement programmes as the final stage of farm tenants' proletarianization. It highlights the problems of this linear narrative, and argues that men and women experienced and understood this process in radically different ways. Male labour migration and the remnants of farm paternalism meant that while resettlement cemented the status of migrant men, for women and non‐migrant men this process was characterized by contradiction: on the one hand, escape from the spatial hegemonies of farm paternalism and, on the other, heightened economic exposure.     

谈鞍山市矿产资源整合工作

辽宁省鞍山市是一个矿产资源储量丰富、钢铁工业发达的重工业城市。2006-2007年,鞍山市按照国家矿产资源总体规划布局,对矿产资源进行了整合,实现了有限资源合理开发利用。其基本做法是加强组织领导,加强学习培训,在调查论证的基础上编制矿产资源整合方案,加强政策引导和政府调控,按照市场规则规范矿业权市场运作。一年多来,鞍山市矿产资源整合取得了阶段性成果,规划了15个资源整合区,首期实施5个资源整合区。但矿产资源整合中也存在诸如部分矿产资源开采区地质勘查程度低、跨行政区的矿区矿产资源整合难等问题,有待改进。     

Endogenous institutional innovation and agroindustrialization on the Peruvian coast

This paper presents an analysis of endogenous institutional innovations that have recently emerged in the agroindustrial zone of Chincha, on the coast of Peru. These innovations include: (1) contracts between agroindustrial firms and large farmers, introduced by the firms themselves to assure timely delivery and compliance with strict requirements implied by the emerging demanding quality and safety standards for agro‐export of processed asparagus; (2) management services exchanged for labor supervision and land collateral in share tenancy contracts between a management company and “farmer companies” of small cotton farmers. These contracts introduced by the management company illustrate those described theoretically by Eswaran and Kotwal [Am. Econ. Rev. 75 (3), 352–367]. The nature and importance of these institutional changes are twofold: (1) They were induced institutional innovations driven by the requirements of agroindustrialization itself. (2) Together they had ambiguous employment and income impacts (tending to the negative). On the one hand, the emergence of asparagus and firm‐farm contracts reduced employment through exclusion of small farms and shifts to capital‐intensive crops. On the other hand, the reinforcement of smallholder cotton and the emergence of farmer companies increased employment and income of smallholders. The institutional innovation allowed them to reduce risk and increase profits and thus access some of the benefits of agroindustrialization and globalization. While processing firm‐farm contracts are common in Peru, as is the presence of NGOs bringing subsidized credit, the private management firm innovation is rare and new in Peru and apparently also in the region, and of great interest. In fact, policymakers and NGOs have recently discovered that this innovation is taking place and are asking hard questions about whether this innovation can and will be diffused. The interest in the private for‐profit institutional change is sharpened by growing doubts about how economically sustainable and widespread a response NGO help can be to small farmers in maintaining their participation in income‐enhancing agroindustrialization. Moreover, with changes in land laws and markets the fluidity of the situation is apparent, with agroindustrial firms even starting to ask themselves whether contracts with large farms are necessary and best.     

完善国土资源管理体制刍议

文章以国土资源部开展完善体制提高素质活动为内容,从目前我国国土资源在宏观管理体制上的缺失,分析了完善国土资源管理体制的基本思路,提高素质的具体要求,以及两者之间的关系:完善体制需要高素质的人才去进行实践和创新,体制的完善也是提高素质的保障。完善体制和提高素质还是行政组织、行政行为与行政者构建和谐的行政环境的必然环节,加强人事行政人员的培训是实现活动的主要途径之一。