资本账户、金融体系与人民币国际化

随着中国整体经济实力的不断增强,人民币国际化已成为一种必然趋势。本文通过对一国货币国际化必须具备的条件的分析,认为目前中国资本账户的管制以及金融市场的欠发达形成了对人民币国际化的掣肘。因此,要想推进人民币国际化进程,就必须承受较大的市场冲击风险,加快制度改革。     

National and regional financial openness in China

While China’s economy has been subject to a wide range of economic reforms since 1978, its capital account is still restricted. The issue of capital account convertibility is widely debated both in China and by foreign observers. This study contributes to the understanding of China’s capital account by constructing new indices for China’s financial openness. First, we construct alternative indices, both of which suggest that China has experienced significant increases in its financial openness, albeit beginning at very low levels in the late 1970s. Then, we construct an index for financial openness at the provincial level from 2000. As expected, the eastern provinces exhibit much higher levels of financial openness than the provinces located in the central and western parts of the country. Taken together, these indices enable a clear overview of national and regional financial openness across time and are well suited for future studies on determinants and effects of financial openness in China.     

The process of financial reforms in China

This study aims to show that financial reforms in China can be viewed as an endogenous adjustment process responding primarily to economic growth and changes in political constraints. The author's argument is thus against the mainstream view in which financial reforms are regarded as primary policy tools for the promotion of economic growth. Three factors are carefully examined for the explanation of the endogenous characteristics of financial reforms. First, this paper takes a close look at endogenous aspects of Chinese financial repression. The endogenous characters of financial repression explain why financial reforms in China follow an endogenous path. Second, recent developments of legal frameworks are found to have been institutional responses to macroeconomic imbalances, financial disorders, and increased demands for property right protection. Finally, this paper shows that the lack of market infrastructure and various political constraints have been major obstacles for China's capital market development.     

开放人民币资本项目的道路选择

入世后,人民币在资本项目下可兑换乃大势所趋。人民币在经常项目下于1996年实现可兑换之后,推进在资本项目下的可兑换是实现人民币完全可兑换的最后一环。在这一进程中,我们要借鉴其他国家的经验,结合中国实际经济情况和金融监管能力,制定一个循序渐进、先易后难的策略,从而顺     

Nonlinear Capital Flow Tax: Capital Flow Management and Financial Crisis Prevention in China

How to promote capital account liberalization while preventing financial crises is a challenging task for policymakers. This study proposes a nonlinear (progressive) capital flow tax as a solution. We first demonstrate that the collateral requirement of international borrowing can give rise to multiple equilibria and self‐fulfilling financial crises. We then show that the crisis equilibrium characterized by large exchange rate depreciation, capital flight and welfare loss can be eliminated by imposing a nonlinear (progressive) tax scheme on capital outflows with the marginal tax rate increasing with the size of individual capital outflows. The implementation of such a tax scheme in China is also discussed.     

财务资本、价值和要素资本结构研究

现代经济的生产要素不仅包括人力资源、财务资源和实物资源,而且包括技术、信息和知识等新的要素。经济组织使用财务资本从市场上购置生产要素,则生产要素就转变为要素资本。而要素资本结构决定着企业所有权结构模式。要素资本价值的投入产出计量已成为公司财务研究亟待解决的问题。     

Devaluation, Capital Formation, and the Current Account

This paper re-examines the effects of devaluation and a rise in the rate of devaluation on capital formation and the current account in an optimizing monetary model of a small open economy with endogenous labor, investment with adjustment costs, and perfect capital mobility. It is shown that devaluation leads to capital accumulation and a current-account deficit in the long run and during the adjustment process, whereas a rise in the rate of devaluation has an ambiguous impact on capital formation and the current account depending on the relationship between consumption and real balances in the utility function. If consumption and real balances are separable or complements, then a rise in the rate of devaluation produces capital decumulation and a current-account surplus in the long run as well as on the transition path. These results stand in sharp contrast with Calvo (1981). JEL Classification Numbers: F41     

资本账户开放风险与对策研究

伴随着经济金融全球化推进,资本账户开放已成为一个国家在推动经济发展和强化对外交流中不可或缺的关键环节。但资本账户开放往往也会给开放国的金融秩序、货币汇率、对外贸易造成一定风险和挑战。本文指出资本账户开放可能导致开放国短期宏观经济过热、投机资本过度涌入等问题,并有针对性地提出保持稳定连续的宏观经济政策、实行富有弹性的汇率政策等对策。     

Vanishing of China's Twin Surpluses and Its Policy Implications

This paper argues that the twin surpluses in China's balance of payments will disappear in the future as a result of external and internal structural changes. China's current account surplus will diminish as a result of the decline in the goods trade surplus, the expanding service trade deficit and negative investment income. China's capital account might shift from surplus to deficit as a result of shrinking net direct investment inflows and more volatile short‐term capital flows. When the twin surpluses no longer exist, the normalization of the US treasury bond yields will be sped up, terminating the one‐way appreciation of the RMB exchange rate; the People's Bank of China's pressure to sterilize inflows will be alleviated, and new problems for the People's Bank of China's monetary operation will emerge; new financial vulnerabilities for the Chinese economy will arise. Finally, the present paper provides some policy suggestions for the Chinese Government to deal with the declining twin surpluses.     

Globalization, Growth, and the Poor

This paper discusses the possible causal relationships and empirical associations between globalization and growth, growth and poverty reduction, and, finally, globalization and poverty reduction. We argue that globalization can contribute much to poverty reduction both directly and by accelerating growth. Second, the contributions of redistributive policies are very likely to be less than the contribution of greater access to markets, more competitive insurance and financial markets, and improved institutions to poverty reduction. The potential effect of greater international integration on poverty reduction, however, is limited by domestic policy failures in developing countries and also by continued protectionism, particularly in developed countries.     

基于资本账户自由兑换进程中的汇率制度选择

货币可兑换与汇率机制具有紧密的内在联系。人民币汇率机制安排是人民币自由兑换进程中一个关键性问题。更加开放的资本项目需要更加灵活的汇率制度,以市场为基础的、有管理的浮动汇率制度是我国近中期最佳选择。随着资本项目的日益开放,汇率形成的市场化机制逐步提高,应逐步扩大人民币汇率波动幅度。汇率制度的灵活度与资本项目的开放度应保持同步性。     

Workers' Remittances,Capital Inflows,and Economic Growth in Developing Asia and the Pacific

This paper examines the impact of remittances on economic growth, using developing countries in Asia and the Pacific as a case study. Using data for the period 1993–2013, our results show that remittances only generate negative and significant impacts on economic growth if they reach 10 percent of GDP or higher. A remittances‐to‐GDP ratio of below 10 percent could still impact growth negatively, but the effect is statistically insignificant. The present study finds some degree of substitutability between remittances and financial development. Foreign direct investment (FDI), but not other types of capital inflow, contributes significantly to economic growth. Other traditional growth engines, including education, trade openness, and domestic investment, are crucial in promoting growth in developing Asian and Pacific nations.     

Boom and Bust Cycle of the Stock Market, and Economic Growth in a Vintage Capital Model

We construct a growth model of overlapping generations with vintage capital. There exists an equilibrium that converges to the balanced growth path through endogenous fluctuations of investment, consumption, and output in terms of the growth rate. When the technological change arrives and a rise in productivity is embodied only in newly invested capital, the economy converges to a new balanced growth path with a higher growth rate of output, but when we interpret the price of existing old capital as the stock market capitalization, the rise in productivity is accompanied by an initial decline in the stock market. Oscillatory equilibria are supported as perfect-foresight equilibria in the present framework with finitely lived agents and capital. Any oscillatory equilibrium is associated with the regime switch from an economy with both young and old capital in use into one with only old capital in use.     

国际金融危机中的中国经济安全及其对策

国际金融海啸说明:经济全球化的发展使世界各国间经济相互依存日益增强,一方面,为不少国家带来了丰厚利益,促进了经济发展;另一方面,给各国经济安全带来挑战。中国在向现代化转型中,经济安全面临严峻考验,应对国际金融危机冲击,不可崇拜市场和美国模式,而要进一步调整和优化产业结构,扩大内需。     

我国资本帐户开放的成本收益分析及策略选择

资本帐户开放是我国金融业发展的客观要求,随着我国社会政治、经济不断发展和对外开放深化,我国资本帐户开放的风险正不断降低,开放条件正逐步变得成熟。本文在分析资本帐户开放的成本和收益基础上,对如何降低资本帐户与金融开放的成本,提出了若干对策建议。     

Putting the Cart before the Horse？ Capital Account Liberalization and Exchange Rate Flexibility in China

I. Introduction and OverviewLike their counterparts in many other emerging market economies, Chinese policymakersare facing a complex set of questions related to the desirability and appropriate mode ofimplementing exchange rate flexibility and capital account liberalization. The Chineseauthorities have stated publicly that both exchange rate flexibility and capital accountconvertibility are their medium-term objectives, but they have resisted recent calls from theinternational community for …