人力资本不平等与人力资本投资的生育率机制--基于面板数据联立方程模型的分析

人力资本不平等对人力资本投资有着重要的影响。分析了人力资本不平等通过生育率影响人力资本投资的机制。通过构建面板数据联立方程模型对我国省际数据的实证研究,发现人力资本不平等与人力资本投资之间存在很强的负相关。实证结果表明,当其他条件都相同时人力资本不平等程度越高的地区居民的生育率越高,而高生育率反过来阻碍人力资本投资,即生育率机制是显著的。     

Human Capital, Growth, and Inequality in Russia

Our model captures the fact that Russia has both much human capital and an education system that produces the wrong skills for a market economy. We define a rule for the timing of educational restructuring that is Pareto optimal and that dominates all later times in a Paretian sense while simultaneously reducing inequality. We demonstrate that failure to implement restructuring early in the transition process is likely to produce a very long delay that will significantly reduce Russia's human capital. A retreat from subsidizing public education is likely to be counterproductive. We argue that early educational restructuring should be emphasized in Russia's transition strategy. J. Comp. Econom., December 1999, 27(4), pp. 618–643. Lingnan University, Tuen Mun, N.T., Hong Kong, People's Republic of China; University of Colorado, Denver, Denver, Colorado 88217; and Royal Holloway College, University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 OEX, United Kingdom.     

Coping with Technological Change: The Role of Ability in Making Inequality so Persistent

This study provides an explanation to the evolution of wage inequality over the last 30 years and supports this explanation with evidence. A faster rate of technological progress introduces new unknown elements at the workplace. The need to cope with the unknown accentuates the role of ability and thus increases wage inequality within and between education groups. Inasmuch as education is an irreversible investment project the rise in within group inequality BOOSTS UP the rise of between group inequality. Guided by this theory we turn to the PSID for evidence. Using parents' education to approximate child's ability we show the following set of results: (a) Controlling for education of the child, parents' education contributed much more in the 1980s to his wage growth than in the 1970s. (b) The correlation between the parents' and the child's education increases from the 1970s to the 1980s. (c) The return to college education for an individual with no ability rents did not change—it remains steady at the 23 percent. (d) Facts (a)–(c) CANNOT be attributed to the impact of parent's income. It is parents' education and not parents' income that is more relevant for son's economic outcomes in the 1980s.     

我国人力资本参与企业收益分配的制度分析

本文认为静态地、抽象地分析企业中人力资本所有权和物质资本所有权谁占支配地位抑或平等是没有意义的。在企业中，人力资本个人收益与企业的总体收益有不同的取向，而非简单地转换。人力资本需要“自己给自己定价”，即靠自身的才干、贡献大小通过有效的机制确定自己从企业收益和剩余收益中分割的多少。因此，设计能够释放人力资本能动性的产权制度和企业治理结构，是中国企业缩小与国外的劳动生产率差距、提高竞争力、加快创新的必然要求。     

人力资本、财务资本与资本结构：理论和实证

当今社会已经从工业经济迈进知识经济时代，现有以财务资本为研究对象的资本结构理论在解释咨询、高新技术等人力资本较为密集的公司时难免会捉襟见肘。视企业为财务资本与人力资本共同的投资组合是现代资本结构理论研究刻不容缓的任务。本文以现有财务资本结构的研究为基础，通过引入人力资本变量拓宽现代资本结构的内涵，构造债务、股权和人力资本三者之间相互关系和作用的数理模型，结合对我国计算机应用服务业的实证分析，得出结论和启示。     

Human Capital, Study Effort, and Persistent Income Inequality

The paper shows that if an individual's cost of human capital accumulation depends on his parents' human capital and there exists a "raw labor" sector of production, individuals with low parental human capital may devote little effort in study and become unskilled workers. Further, if an individual exerts little effort in study, the human capital he accumulated may be even less than his parents'. Consequently, his children will have even lower parental human capital than him and they will therefore also become unskilled. Thus, the model shows that even when education is free, income inequality can persist across generations.     

社会资本、人力资本与经济增长

笔者采用截面数据回归分析法及时间序列数据协整分析法对中国社会资本的不同维度——信任和民间组织与人力资本、经济增长的关系进行实证研究。结果表明,我国社会资本通过影响人力资本而影响经济增长,人力资本是我国社会资本作用于经济增长的机制之一。     

教育投资、资本市场不完全与收入差距

教育和人力资本投资在决定发展中国家的收入分配和经济增长中起到重要的作用。不同的教育水平具有不同的收益率。由于资本市场的不完善,发展中国家的家庭往往存在信贷约束。因此,通过发展教育来缩小收入差距需要配合资本市场的建设。     

Macrodynamic Implications of Income-Transfer Policies for Human Capital Investment and School Effort

The distortion in educational investment in poorer childrenis often attributed to credit market imperfections and henceto the unequal access of children to educational opportunity.However, the distortion might also be attributable to disincentiveeffects that cause children to make inefficient use of educationalopportunities. This possibility is demonstrated for an overlappinggenerations economy with multiple family dynasties in which childrenhave random unobservable abilities and base their school efforton their parents after-tax returns to schooling. Income redistributioncan result in suboptimal effort choices that offset the beneficialeffects of income transfers and sharply lower social welfare.     

人力资本投资结构与经济增长——基于包含教育资本、健康资本的内生增长模型理论研究

文章针对已有的关于人力资本投资的理论研究往往只关注于人力资本投资数量而忽视人力资本投资结构的现状,把教育和健康看作两种资本,分析了人力资本投资结构的具体构成形式。假设人力资本由教育资本和健康资本按照Cobb-Douglas生产技术形式组合生成,在扩展MRW模型的基础上,文章构建了一个内生经济增长模型。分析结论表明人力资本投资结构制约着经济增长,人力资本投资结构和数量(存量)都对经济产生重要影响。     

论人力资本与智力资本的"虚拟资本"性质

本文认为人力资本、智力资本理论的产生,本质上是提出了"虚拟资本"问题,是对这些过去被看作是费用或成本的东西进行"资本化定价".在当代企业的资本范畴中实际上已经形成了以实体资本为一方的"硬资本"和以虚拟资本为另一方的"软资本"两大部份,而这两大部份是建立在"资本三要素"--物质资本、人力资本、智力资本基础上的.由"资本三要素"的基础概念,我们可以推解出一系列新的资本概念和形态,从中我们可以较清晰地辨别虚拟资本与实体资本的构架与层次,并可直观地厘清它们的边界与关系,这有利于我们更好地理解人力资本与智力资本的特性和功能.     

Economies, Human Capital, and Natural Assets

Human capital concerns are used to structure links between the economy and the environment. Suggestions for empirical work to explore these structures are provided. Particular attention is devoted to connections between environmental hazards and influences upon parents’ decisions to invest in forming children's human capital.     

社会资本累积与家庭收入分化

已有的研究表明,社会资本累积对经济增长和家庭收入增长会产生重要影响,居民家庭社会资本存量存在显著差异,但在其累积过程中却不存在明显的城乡差别,家庭居住地的经济环境和政府行为对家庭社会资本的累积无显著影响,社会资本累积对家庭收入的影响并不显著。     

人力资本对返乡农民工收入增长的影响研究

本文基于对2007年从沿海发达地区大城市回流到欠发达地区的农村、小城镇工作的3026位农民工的调查数据,运用改进后的明瑟尔收入模型,估计出农民工在城市打工与返乡发展两种情况下的人力资本收益率。证明了农民工在城市打工的人力资本收益率要低于其返乡之后的收益率;验证了农民工在城市打工时,人力资本从深度与广度上都被低估,而返乡之后,人力资本能够得到相应报偿,从而收入获得增长的设想。     

Temporary Migration, Human Capital, and Language Fluency of Migrants

This paper investigates human capital investment of immigrants whose duration in the host country is limited, either by contract or by their own choice. The first part of the paper develops a model which distinguishes between temporary migrations where the return time is exogenous or optimally chosen. The analysis has a number of interesting implications for empirical work, some of which are explored in the second part of the paper. The analysis focuses on language capital and tests the hypothesis that country specific human capital investments are sensitive to the duration in the host country's labour market. The results show that the acquisition of language capital is sensitive to the intended duration in the host country.     

三峡库区移民人力资本因素与劳动报酬收入关系的实证研究

利用重庆云阳县529户移民户的调查数据,对三峡库区移民户的人力资本因素与其家庭劳动报酬收入的相关性进行了分析。实证分析结果显示:移民户的各人力资本因素(包括劳动力文化程度、技能状况、健康状况、就业培训状况、劳动工作持续时间)与其家庭年均劳动报酬收入均存在显著的相关性;家庭年均劳动报酬收入的增加会促使移民户家庭加大对子女教育的年投入和劳动力医疗年支出。     

The Distribution of Human Capital and Economic Growth

This paper analyzes the interaction between the distributionof human capital, technological progress, and economic growth.It argues that the composition of human capital is an importantfactor in the determination of the pattern of economic development.The study demonstrates that the evolutionary pattern of the humancapital distribution, the income distribution, and economic growthare determined simultaneously by the interplay between a local home environment externality and a global technologicalexternality. In early stages of development the local home environmentexternality is the dominating factor and hence the distributionof income becomes polarized; whereas in mature stages of developmentthe global technological externality dominates and the distributionof income ultimately contracts. Polarization, in early stagesof development may be a necessary ingredient for future economicgrowth. An economy that prematurely implements a policy designedto enhance equality may be trapped at a low stage of development.An underdeveloped economy, which values equality as well as prosperity,may confront a trade-off between equality in the short-run followedby equality and stagnation in the long-run, and inequality inthe short-run followed by equality and prosperity in the longrun.     

公务员人力资本产权激励理论渊源探析

人力资本产权激励功能源于产权所带来的收益,而产权收益的实现是产权主体拥有产权权利的根本目的.从理论渊源来看,关于公务员人力资本产权激励的研究大体可分为两种视角:即制度主义研究视角与管理主义研究视角.制度主义研究视角强调制度建设对于产权主体的重要意义,主张通过制度设计来确保公务员人力资本所有者获取到合理的产权收益.而管理主义视角则认为,公务员人力资本产权收益的实现是以人力资本所有者的需求满足为基础,不同的产权收益方式和内容带给公务员个体的满足程度不一,从而可以形成不同的产权激励效果,因而,其所关注的重点不再是产权制度的设计,而是产权收益的表现形式.两种视角共同构成了公务员人力资本产权激励的实现途径.     

人力资本在农民增收中的作用分析

笔者采用一个农业大省的农户调查资料,分析了农村人力资本在农民收入增长中的作用。结论表明,家庭劳动力平均受教育年限显著增加农民人均纯收入;有劳动力接受过相关技术培训的家庭,人均纯收入显著高于没有劳动力接受过技术培训的家庭;家庭接受过技术培训的劳动力数量增加可以显著提高农民人均纯收入水平。     

心理资本与战略人力资源管理

本文分析了心理资本的内涵,比较了其与人力资本、社会资本的差异,并探讨了战略人力资源管理和心理资本的联系,提出了以创新性战略人力资源管理实践培育和开发心理资本的途径。