四川省传统优势企业技术创新的集群效应

传统优势企业技术创新在四川省产业集群的形成和发展中起了关键性作用。传统优势企业拆分重组、分离辅业的改革举措衍生和带动了中小企业成长,开放式创新模式吸引了技术链上配套的企业和机构向传统优势企业周围聚集,在自主创新方面的努力使传统优势企业成为产业集群发展的"引擎"。由此,四川省培育产业集群竞争优势的关键就是提高传统优势企业技术创新的集群效应。     

传统优势企业不连续创新的驱动机制探究

该文围绕不连续创新的发生机制,提出了传统优势企业不连续创新的驱动模式——TDS驱动模式,即:技术推动、需求拉动和战略刺激,认为技术推动对传统优势企业开展不连续创新活动的作用较弱,需求拉动和战略刺激的作用较强。     

企业技术创新对企业组织层级结构的影响

在当代知识经济条件下,企业的外部环境日益呈现出信息化、网络化和知识化的特征,对企业的技术创新产生了重要影响.同时,由于企业技术创新的生命周期缩短,创新风险加大,使得企业技术创新的组织结构呈现出更为复杂的形态.以工业经济为基础的传统的层级结构开始不适应企业技术创新的发展.因此,为了适应进行技术创新的发展,企业必须对组织层级结构进行创新,建立组织内部创新网络和外部创新网络.     

提高传统优势企业竞争力的思路与对策

当前,传统优势企业的主要特征表现为:企业主要集中在传统产业领域,并向新兴产业拓展;竞争力上升,经济贡献度增强,社会责任感较强;科技资源丰富,科技创新活跃,科技创新力度不断增强。但传统优势企业仍然面临行政干预较多,市场化转型不彻底,产能过剩问题突出,产品结构失衡,环境污染现象频发,企业盲目扩张、业务过度分散导致核心竞争力不断下降等现实困境。对此,以技术创新为核心的企业创新成为传统优势企业摆脱困境的关键。     

人力资本投资、企业与区域技术创新能力研究——以长三角地区为例

本文借助技术创新模型，对人力资本在技术进步中的作用和机制进行了深入研究，论证了人力资本的重要作用。技术创新可以为企业带来超额利润，且其最能洞察市场的技术需求，因而具有比高校、科研单位等创新主体更强烈的激励和优势，应居于核心地位。对长三角技术创新能力和人力资本的关系分析表明，由于长三角地内人力资本分布不均，企业科技创新人力资本不足等原因，导致该地区技术创新能力在地区间分布上不均衡；形成了以政府而非企业主导型的科技创新体系。为此应该消除劳动力市场分割，促进劳动力在长三角地区的顺畅流动；深化企业制度改革，加强企业技术创新主体的地位；对技术创新人员进行产权激励，吸引高素质技术创新人员。     

企业技术创新的关系焦点及其绩效涵义论析——基于知识创值服务生产过程的视角

相对传统技术创新管理的产品焦点,企业技术创新管理的关系焦点拓展并深化了技术的价值追加和竞争优势的形成过程,对企业创新绩效具有战略性的影响。在深入揭示技术创新知识创值服务生产本质的基础上,重点讨论了基于关系焦点的企业技术创新绩效涵义。     

企业规模、集群结构与技术创新优势

作为技术创新的主体,大企业、中小企业和企业集群在技术创新中具有不同的作用,各有不同的优、劣势。大企业具有技术创新的“资源优势”和“规模效益”,中小企业则具有明显的“行为优势”和“创新活力”。从企业集群层面看,由于内部结构的不同,大企业主导型集群往往具有一般大企业的技术创新特征,而中小企业集群则能整合大企业和中小企业各自的优势,创造出新的技术创新优势。     

技术创新与商业模式创新相互作用关系及对企业竞争优势的交互效应

作为竞争优势的主要来源，技术创新与商业模式创新在企业发展进程中起着重要作用。通过问卷调查获取数据，验证技术创新与商业模式创新之间的相互作用关系以及二者交互作用对企业竞争优势的积极影响。结果表明：二者在整体上具有较强的相关性，但它们之间的互促作用需要达到一定的门槛值后才能显著呈现;二者不仅是竞争优势的重要前因，而且它们对企业竞争优势的正向交互效应也得到了验证。研究结论对于企业组织统筹协调技术创新与商业模式创新以更好地谋求创新驱动发展具有重要启示作用。     

企业技术能力与技术创新模式选择：一个梯度演化模型

企业技术创新是一个连续动态的系统工程。企业技术创新质的突破必须有创新过程量的积累。成功的企业技术创新取决于两个基本条件：企业技术能力的可获得量是企业技术创新模式选择的决定性因素;企业技术能力与企业创新模式的匹配是企业有效创新的关键。在论证这两个命题的基础上,构建了一个企业技术能力与技术创新模式选择的梯度演化模型,为企业创新提供参考。     

企业创新行为差异与政府技术创新支出效应

政府为推进本国技术创新而发生的财政支出对企业创新行为具有重要影响。本文基于这一事实,构建包含企业创新行为差异的简单动态随机一般均衡模型,分析得出:由于技术创新密度不同,企业可分为技术创新型企业和技术稳定型企业。技术创新型企业提高技术研发投资比重,虽然不一定能迅速实现经济产出的提高,却可以推动本国经济从传统的粗放投资型转化为高质量的技术创新型。在一定时期内,政府技术创新支出是企业技术创新支出增加的主要外在推动力,对企业创新具有显著的助推作用,对宏观经济及发展具有重要的正向作用,但具体效果还取决于企业创新投入情况。相比较而言,当创新企业技术投入率达到一定界值时,政府技术创新支出的效率会更高。这些结论对完善创新政策、改进市场规则、进一步提升创新效率具有一定的政策含义。     

Technological and non-technological innovation and productivity in services vis-à-vis manufacturing sectors

In this paper, the links between investment in innovation activities, innovation outputs (technological and non-technological innovation) and productivity in services vis-à-vis the manufacturing sector are explored using innovation survey data from Uruguay. The size of firms, their cooperation in R&D activities, the use of public financial support, patent protection and the use of market sources of information are very important drivers of the decision to invest in innovation activities across sectors. The main determinants of technological and non-technological innovations are the level of investment in innovation activities and the size of the firm. The results indicate that both technological and non-technological innovations are positively associated to productivity gains in services, but non-technological innovations have a more important role. The reverse happens for manufacturing, where technological innovations are more relevant for productivity.     

The evolution of corporate entrepreneurship in Swedish industry—was Schumpeter wrong?

This paper analyzes the evolution and role of corporate entrepreneurship in Swedish industry, particularly for the 1945–1980 period, based on data on the 100 economically most important innovations during this period. Privately owned large corporations (Schumpeter Mark II) dominated in launching innovations in almost all industrial sectors and in all subperiods but decreasingly so. 20% of the innovations were launched by new firms (Schumpeter Mark I) but most of these new firms were spun-off and/or acquired by large corporations. State entrepreneurship was marginal. Universities played an important role, although sector-specific. New firms and existing firms had similar growth rates and almost identical and short gestation times to international markets for their innovations. 80% of the corporate innovations were product renewals rather than product diversifications or process innovations. No evidence of an evolution from autonomous over corporate to state entrepreneurship, as hypothesized by Schumpeter, was found. Evolution of a dynamic coexistence of. these forms of entrepreneurship is hypothesized in this paper. The paper finally presents a model, synthesizing Schumpeter Mark I and II, for analyzing technological change and entrepreneurship.     

Innovation and diffusion of environmental technology: Industrial NOx abatement in Sweden under refunded emission payments

We study the actual process of technical change in the case of NOx abatement from large stationary sources that have been regulated by very forceful policies in Sweden. Considerable progress has been made in lowering aggregate emissions and this paper seeks to disaggregate average industry improvements to study how much of it is due to innovations by first movers, and how much is achieved by adoption and diffusion of technology. We find both factors very important. Innovation has been rapid: the best firms have cut emissions on the order of 70%. In spite of this, reductions have actually been even more rapid for the majority of firms so that the median firms have caught up with best practice. We analyze various characteristics of the technological change observed.     

Innovation and diffusion of environmental technology: Industrial NOx abatement in Sweden under refunded emission payments

We study the actual process of technical change in the case of NOx abatement from large stationary sources that have been regulated by very forceful policies in Sweden. Considerable progress has been made in lowering aggregate emissions and this paper seeks to disaggregate average industry improvements to study how much of it is due to innovations by first movers, and how much is achieved by adoption and diffusion of technology. We find both factors very important. Innovation has been rapid: the best firms have cut emissions on the order of 70%. In spite of this, reductions have actually been even more rapid for the majority of firms so that the median firms have caught up with best practice. We analyze various characteristics of the technological change observed.     

中国证券商的业务竞争与创新发展势态

本文分析了开放条件下我国证券业经营竞争环境的变化，并从6个方面分析了中国证券商业务创新的发展势态。（1）证券业分类管理制度使证券商的经营规模发生变化；（2）证券发行与承销方式的改革深化了证券业内的服务竞争；（3）证券网络化交易的快速发展完善了交易清算的服务管理模式；（4）交易佣金制度的改革将使证券业的结构调整得到不断优化；（5）投资基金业务与投资组合的多样化对基金经理行为的监管提出了新的要求；（6）中国放宽市场准入条件的同时必须完善制度创新与管理创新。     

Coopetition for radical innovation: technology,market and business-model perspectives

Coopetition (collaboration between competing firms) is used in many contemporary industries to achieve various innovation-related benefits. However, there is still a lack of consensus in the existing literature as to whether it is beneficial in the case of radical innovations or whether it only supports incremental improvements due to the similarity of knowledge bases among competitors. We address this issue in an empirical study based on a cross-industrial survey in Finnish markets. The study focuses on three types of technological coopetition and on their effect on the technological, market and business-model radicalness of the firms’ innovations. The results show that coopetition is negatively related to technological radicalness and positively related to business-model radicalness. The implications are that coopetition is likely to benefit incremental technological development over time and to promote the emergence of radical business-model innovations as competitors seek to differentiate their offerings.     

Innovation in the Service Sector Results from the Italian Statistical Survey

This acticle provides fresh empirical evidence on the relevance and nature of innovation activities in the service sector. The evidence can be summarized as follows: Technological innovation is quite a diffused phenomenon in market services: more than one-third of surveyed firms have introduced technological innovations during the period 1993–95. The amount of financial resources devoted to innovation varies widely across service sectors. Financial, computing and software, engineering, and telecommunication services are the most innovative service sectors. Most service firms can distinguish between innovations in services and in processes. Process innovation emerges as the most diffused typology. Service firms rely on a wide range of innovation sources. The acquisition and development of software and investment in machinery are the most cited. Investment, R&D, and software are the major components of firms’ innovation expenditure. Major obstacles for introducing technological innovation are of an economic nature, that is, cost and risk too high. The two most important objectives of firms’ innovation strategies consist of improving service quality and reducing cost. Technological information is drawn mainly from in-house production departments as well as from outside suppliers of equipment, materials, and components. Public and private research institutions as well as patents and licenses play a very marginal role. Finally, in the near future the importance of technology for firms’ performance is expected to increase in service industries.     

The sources of innovations – looking beyond technological opportunities*

The concept ‘technological opportunity’ has been coined to capture the vitality of the underlying sciences and technologies as the sources of technical progress that firms draw upon during innovation. Nonetheless, less attention has been paid to the fact that the commercialisation of technical progress through innovations also depends on the ability to assimilate a range of other sources of innovations, related less to the sciences and technologies and more to characteristics of the market and broader environment in which firms innovate. This paper focuses on the sectoral diversity in such sources, and on the ways in which they are assimilated and turned into commercialised innovations. The paper contributes to the extant literature by drawing on a unique survey data on Finnish innovations. The results both confirm and also challenge, and further elaborate on certain ‘stylised facts’ on the relationships between technological opportunities and the sources of innovation across sectors.     

On the joint effect of technological and management innovations on performance: increasing or diminishing returns?

Most studies on innovation are aimed at covering technological innovation, neglecting other modes of innovation based on non-technological drivers. The latter, referred to as management innovation, consists of the implementation of new management practices, processes or organisational tasks. This work advances knowledge on the topic by exploring the joint effect of simultaneously introducing technological and management innovations on performance. Based on an analysis of 12,563 Spanish firms drawn from CIS data, our findings suggest that firms frequently pursue the simultaneous or joint introduction of both technological and management innovations and that integration impacts positively on a firm’s performance, evidencing an inverted U-shape that suggest positive but diminishing returns. A theoretical framework using the capability-based view embraces the emerging conversation on management innovation issues and its relationship with the well-researched technological one.     

Forecasting livestock prices with individual and composite methods

We investigate the incentives of private firms to adopt new technologies. Econometric investigation is performed on a pooled sample of individual US airline firms over the period 1971 to 1986 for which extensive information on available jet aircraft technology and fleet choice have been recorded. Given the incidence of successive commercial aircraft innovations and variation in production attributes across firms, we are able to consider a wider array of ‘time-dependent’ and ‘time-independent’ adoption influences than in previous firm-level studies. To the extent that our study provides useful general insights into adoption decisions by firms, the results have implications for US global competitiveness policy. One key finding is that firms subject to increased product market competition exhibit a higher propensity to adopt technological innovations.