环境信息披露质量影响债务融资成本吗？——来自我国环境敏感型行业上市公司的经验证据

环境信息披露是银行评估企业或项目环境风险的重要信息来源。以我国环境敏感型行业2011—2016年上市公司为研究对象,采用固定效应模型实证分析环境信息披露质量对企业债务融资成本的影响,结果显示企业环境信息披露质量对债务融资成本的降低作用不显著;将环境信息分为货币性和非货币性信息,发现货币性环境信息披露的质量对降低债务融资成本有显著影响。如何提高非货币性环境信息的作用是未来值得关注的问题。     

Organizational Control and Work Effort – Another Look at the Interplay of Rewards and Motivation

Providing rewards is a central element of organizational control systems. However, the literature is hardly helpful from a practitioner's perspective: it typically focuses on monetary rewards at the expense of non-monetary, affiliative rewards, and yet researchers disagree over the usefulness of the prior ones. Some scholars claim that monetary rewards merely replace task-related (‘intrinsic’) motivation by reward-induced external pressure (‘extrinsic’ motivation). Empirical findings are mixed, partially given the different conceptualizations of intrinsic motivation. We shed more light on the impact of both monetary and non-monetary, affiliative rewards on the willingness to exert work effort and a potential detrimental interaction with different forms of intrinsic motivation. Our experimental results suggest that monetary and affiliative rewards have different effects: affiliative rewards clearly have beneficial effects, whereas the picture for monetary rewards is more nuanced than typically assumed in literature.     

论资产负债项目的性质与暂时性差异的形成

资产负债项目的性质对其暂时性差异的形成有着直接的影响。一般而言,货币性资产、负债项目不形成暂时性差异,而非货币性项目则有可能形成暂时性差异。在有些情况下,这一结论似乎并不成立,如应收账款等项目有时也会产生暂时性差异,事实上,该资产项目此时已不再是严格意义上的货币性项目。弄清这一规律,不论在理论上还是在实践中均有重要意义。     

人力资本的价值计量

关于人力资本的价值计量,学界一致主张采用货币性计量方法和非货币计量方法相结合、按个人价值和群体价值进行计价的方式。文章回顾了人力资本价值计量的各种方法,并对各种方法进行了综合性评述。     

Monetary and real causes of investment booms and declines

The 1900s have marked two major investment booms in the United States. The boom of the 1920s was followed by the Great Depression of the 1930s, in which investment demand fell sharply. The second boom, of the 1950s and 60s, has been followed by a period of lagging investment. The economics literature reflects two disparate schools of thought on long-term investment behavior: the accelerator theory and the monetarist theory. This paper develops an investment function that interrelates monetary and real variables. Analysis of the investment function identifies several powerful non-monetary forces that can trigger investment booms with subsequent collapse due to overexpansion. Money is shown to be a critical element in sustaining a boom, but monetary contraction during the succeeding decline appears to be a symptom rather than essential cause of investment stagnation. The results thus point toward an integration of the monetarist and accelerator theories.     

Adaptive learning and monetary exchange

This paper investigates three classic questions in monetary theory: How can an intrinsically worthless asset, such as fiat money, maintain value as a medium of exchange? What are the short-run and long-run effects of a change in the money supply? What is the social cost of inflation? I answer these questions using a microfounded model of monetary exchange that replaces the rational expectations assumption with an adaptive learning rule. First, I show that monetary exchange is a robust arrangement in the sense that agents are able to learn the stationary monetary equilibrium while the non-monetary equilibrium is unstable under learning. Second, an unanticipated monetary injection has real effects in the short-run because learning the value of money takes time. In the long run, agents successfully learn the value of money, hence money is neutral. Third, under a constant money growth policy, an increase in the growth rate of money increases output in the short-run producing a short-run Phillips curve. A ten percent increase in the money growth rate has a social cost of 0.41 percent of output per year. Alternatively, a ten percent decrease in the money growth rate has a social benefit of 0.37 percent of output per year.     

货币政策的数量型工具与价格型工具的调控绩效比较——来自动态随机一般均衡模型的证据

本文基于我国经济发展现实,构建了包含金融加速器、工资调整粘性以及消费惯性的新凯恩斯动态随机一般均衡模型,从货币政策的冲击效应、非政策冲击下宏观经济波动幅度以及中央银行损失函数等三个方面对比了不同货币工具的调控绩效,研究显示,价格型工具的调控绩效优于数量型工具,而稳健性分析也对此提供了进一步证明。因此,中央银行应积极地运用利率工具以更有效控制通货膨胀和实际产出波动,维护宏观经济稳定。     

Risk and prices in separable utility functions

Many decision problems involve more than one attribute. Separable multi-attribute utility functions are commonly used to model preferences in such situations. We consider the case in which one attribute can be identified as money. The price at which non-monetary attributes may be substituted by money, the relation of this price to a decision-maker's wealth, and the implications on attitudes toward risk are examined for additively and multiplicatively separable multi-attribute utility functions. In particular, it is shown that additive separability, price independent of wealth and monetary risk-aversion are mutually inconsistent.     

Myopia and monetary equilibria

In an infinitely lived, representative individual economy, important properties of competitive equilibria, such as determinacy and the non-existence of monetary equilibria, are not robust to the introduction of myopia. An individual is myopic if, at each date, he plans consumption only for that date and few periods that immediately follow; that is, his planning horizon, n, is finite. Equilibria with myopia can display real indeterminacy and allow for monetary as well as non-monetary steady states; thus, they share some of the features of equilibria in economies of overlapping generation. The equilibrium price dynamics (but not the consumption dynamics) of an exchange economy with extreme myopia, n = 1, are identical to the dynamics of an overlapping generation economy with two-period lives.     

SESAME: an Integrated Economic and Social Accounting System

This article outlines a statistical information system that serves to monitor and analyze the interactions between economic development and social change. This so-called SESAME links the monetary data in the national accounts to non-monetary social and environmental data, and yields a consistent set of core indicators on the development of national welfare.     

Entrepreneurship as a non-profit-seeking activity

It is typically assumed that people engage in entrepreneurship because there are profits to be made. In contrast to this view, this paper argues that entrepreneurship is more adequately characterized as a non-profit-seeking activity. Evidence from a broad range of authors and academic fields is discussed showing that entrepreneurship does quite generally not pay in monetary terms. Being an entrepreneur seems to be rather rewarding because it entails substantial non-monetary benefits, like greater autonomy, broader skill utilization, and the possibility to pursue one’s own ideas. It is shown how incorporating these non-monetary benefits into economic models of entrepreneurship can lead to a better understanding of the phenomenon.

The role of executives in hostile takeover attempts

This paper proposes a two-stage game theoretic model where the discretionary power of executives acts as an implicit defense against hostile takeovers. Following managerial enterprise models, this paper analyzes the effects of discretionary power of target’s executives over R&D and advertising expenditures in defeating hostile takeover attempts. It is shown that in vertically differentiated industries, in equilibrium, target’s executives keep low level of R&D and advertising expenditures to make their firm an unattractive target for hostile takeovers. The model reveals that executives are influenced by their self-interest of monetary and non-monetary benefits and this self-interest makes the industry more differentiated.     

非货币性资产交换中的涉税会计处理

非货币性资产交换是会计中的重点内容,新准则中很多内容都和非货币性资产交换有密切的关系,可以说非货币性资产交换也贯穿了整个准则的始终。新准则中对非货币性资产交换的确认方式、计量基础、会计处理以及交易损益的确认等方面作了新的规定,从而对在非货币性资产交换的过程中所涉及的很多复杂涉税会计处理形成一定影响。理清非货币性资产交换中的涉税会计处理,对于理解和学习新准则具有重要意义,有必要对非货币性资产交换中的涉税会计处理问题进行必要研究。本文从对非货币性资产交换的会计处理,非货币性资产交换中损益的纳税调整及非货币性资产交换中的涉税项目的税收筹划为突破口进行分析,基本上折射出了非货币性资产交换中涉及到的涉税会计处理。     

The role of HR practices in developing employee resilience: a case study from the Pakistani telecommunications sector

Abstract

There has been increasing interest in understanding the factors that contribute to the development of employee resilience. Despite such interest, there is a dearth of research examining the contributory role played by HR practices in enhancing employee resilience. Looking at the context of Pakistan’s telecommunications sector and deploying a qualitative methodology, this paper examines the impact of HR practices on employee resilience. The findings indicate that four key areas of HR practices – job design, information sharing and flow within an organisation, employee benefits (monetary as well as non-monetary), and employee development opportunities – enable the development of employee resilience. Consequently, the effective implementation of HR practices in these areas has been the key factor for the development of employee resilience.     

Bridging CBA and MCA for evaluating green infrastructure: Proposal of a new evaluation model (MAGICA)

The evaluation of green roofs and walls has been overlooking their real contribution to the built environment. This limits the application and development of these solutions, that have the potential to improve biodiversity, resilience, and carbon footprint of cities. In addition to the difficulty in measuring some ecosystem services, conventional cost-benefit analyses have proven to be inefficient as they cannot deal with non-monetized benefits. To overcome this gap, this study develops a comprehensive decision-making tool for assessing the value of green roofs and walls. The proposed methodology combines two well-known approaches - cost-benefit analysis (CBA) and multi-criteria analysis (MCA) - giving preference to the economic rationale for project investment optimization. This new model – MAGICA (Modelling the Attractiveness of Green Infrastructure through a Combined Approach) – addresses differently monetary and non-monetary benefits for a more robust and complete consideration of all financial, economic, socio-environmental impacts of green infrastructure as well as the preferences of the investors and users. The methodology covers different scales of implementation, including new and existing built assets, and it can be easily adapted to other nature-based solutions. Despite determining an economic indicator, the model is best suited for making relative comparisons between different solutions and identifying which is most appropriate for a particular project context. A case study is applied to demonstrate the methodology, assessing 16 green roof systems for installation in a university building in Lisbon, Portugal. The analysis is based on the results of an experimental campaign and field surveys of students, professors, and staff.     

Another look at sticky prices and output persistence

Price rigidity is the key mechanism for propagating business cycles in traditional Keynesian theory. Yet the new Keynesian literature has failed to show that sticky prices by themselves can effectively propagate business cycles. We show that price rigidity in fact can (by itself) give rise to a strong propagation mechanism in standard models, provided that investment is also subject to a cash-in-advance constraint. Reasonable price stickiness can generate highly persistent, hump-shaped movements in output under either monetary or non-monetary shocks. Hence, whether or not price rigidity is responsible for output persistence is not a theoretical question, but an empirical one.     

Analysis of the Vocational and Residential Preferences of a Rural Population: Application of an Experimental Technique to Rural Slovenia

Abstract

This study applies choice experiments to the analysis of the relative importance of both monetary and non-monetary determinants of vocational choice and spatial labour supply. It identifies the determinants of individuals’ choice of jobs and places of residence, and provides a better understanding of how rural labour adjustments might be managed in a country in transition. The results indicate that while wages are the most important factor influencing employment choice, other determinants affecting working conditions and residence do have a counterbalancing impact on choice. Results suggest that sample respondents do appear to be relatively immobile between sectors and also in terms of migration and commuting. However, our results do identify a range of non-wage determinants that might be used to stimulate mobility.     

基于价值链整合的价值链会计探析

本文以网络经济下的虚拟价值链和实体价值链的整合分析为基点,探讨了价值链整合后会计的一些相关问题。认为价值链的整合使价值链会计在现行会计核算体系与虚拟价值链活动之间存在一个切合点;价值链会计的管理活动主要从价值信息管理和增值活动管理等方面具体实施;价值链会计应对现行财务报告体系进行修正,反映企业的非货币及非财务信息,全面实施企业综合业绩报告体系。     

价值链整合与价值链会计的关联分析

本文以网络经济下的虚拟价值链和实体价值链的整合分析为基点,探讨了价值链整合后会计的一些相关问题。文章认为:价值链的整合使价值链会计在现行会计核算体系与虚拟价值链活动之间存在一个结合点;价值链会计的管理活动主要应从价值信息管理和增值活动管理两个方面展开实施;价值链会计还应对现行财务报告体系进行修正,反映企业的非货币及非财务信息,全面实施企业综合业绩报告体系。     

Foreign Currency Translation Under Two Cases-Integrated and Isolated Economies

Beaver and Wolfson (1982 BW) identify economic interpretability and symmetry as desirable properties for financial statement translation. They then analyze translation methods with respect to these properties assuming perfect and complete markets between and within both countries (referred to, here, as the integrated economies case).
This study extends BW's analysis by examining isolated economies characterized by perfect and complete internal markets and a random relationship between prices and exchange rates. In BW's integrated economies case, inflation differentials drive exchange rate changes. No exchange risk exists, although monetary assets are exposed to the risk of unexpected inflation. Isolated economies expose monetary and nonmonetary items to both exchange and inflation risk.
In both cases, economic interpretability and symmetry can be achieved only by current value accounting translated at current exchange rates. In the integrated economies case, symmetry alone is achieved through current value accounting translated by current exchange rates for monetary items and historical costs translated by historical rates for nonmonetary items. In the isolated economies case, symmetry alone is achieved through current value accounting for monetary items and historical cost for non-monetary items, all translated at the current rate. In both cases, including translation gains or losses in income is a condition for these results.
This extension of BW demonstrates (1) the translation rate required for symmetry depends upon the assumed relationship between prices and exchange rates, (2) a well-defined economic scenario exists where historical cost accounting using current rate translation results in symmetry, and (3) the results depend on including translation gains and losses in income.