人力资本投资:风险与风险规避

自美国经济学家发现人力资本对经济发展的巨大贡献以来,人们的注意力主要集中于阐述人力资本投资的高收益性,而人力资本投资的风险性却很少被论及。实现有效的人力资本投资,必须建立在充分认识人力资本投资特点的基础上,而规避人力资本投资风险的根本途径是明晰人力资本产权和建立人力资本市场。     

基于当期收益的人力资本产权价值计量模型与收益分割方法研究

现代企业理论认为,企业是由人力资本和非人力资本组成的一个特别合约。人力资本和非人力资本结合的过程就是创造实现价值(利润)的过程,创造实现的利润理应由人力资本和非人力资本分享。问题在于人力资本产权的价值有多大?这就是计量问题;利润分享中如何确定他们各自占有的比例?这就是收益分割问题。本文对人力资本产权价值计量的相关文献进行了综述,分析了人力资本产权价值计量的基础,提出了“产权收益法”,并构建了一套基于当期收益的人力资本产权价值计量模型与收益分割方法。     

物本经济发展观与人本经济发展观

两类经济发展观不是从真理观、人类利益统一性或自然观的角度的区分,而是从价值观、人类利益对立性或社会观的角度的区分.物本经济发展观以物类增值为本,主张经济个人主义和片面的人类幸福,将人类仅仅当作手段.人本经济发展观以人类增值为本,主张经济人类主义和全面的人类幸福,将人类当作目的.两类经济发展观在经济发展的方向、方针、方式和方法上存在基本区别,同时在理论渊源和理论内容上存在基本联系,因此,在实行人本经济发展观时,既要划清其与物本经济发展观的界限,又要扬弃物本经济发展观.在现代,已经出现人本经济发展观逐步取代物本经济发展观的基本趋势,同时人本经济发展观自身也应不断完善.     

Human Rights Performance Disclosure by Companies with Operations in High Risk Countries: Evidence from the Australian Minerals Sector

The aim of this study is to explore whether Australian mineral companies operating in high human rights risk countries provide more human rights disclosures than companies operating in low risk countries. A content analysis instrument containing 88 specific human rights performance items derived from a number of international human rights guidelines has been developed to investigate the annual reports, social responsibility reports and corporate websites of the top 50 Australian mineral companies (2010/2011). The findings show that human rights performance disclosures by companies with operations in high human rights risk countries are significantly higher than companies with operations in low risk countries. By disclosing extended human rights performance information, companies operating in high risk countries appear to ease community concerns about human rights violations. The finding is consistent with legitimacy theory, which posits that organisations respond to community concerns in relation to particular social issues.     

农村人力资本对农村经济增长贡献的实证分析

对于“人力资本对经济增长具有较大的促进作用”这一观点,国内外学术界已经达成了共识,但是对于“农村人力资本是否对农村产出具有重要贡献”还未形成一致意见。本文首先对农村人力资本现状进行了分析,之后以内生经济增长理论为基础,将人力资本变量引入C-D生产函数模型,运用Eviews软件对人力资本对农村经济增长的贡献进行了实证分析。发现人力资本对农村产出具有显著的正向作用,但贡献率较低,在对其原因进行剖析的基础上,得出了本文的结论并提出对策建议。     

内蒙古人力资本对区域经济增长的贡献分析

人力资本理论已经广泛地应用于经济社会的发展过程中。许多研究与实践均证明,人力资本积累是区域经济增长的重要因素。本文从人力资本理论出发,在Lucas模型的基础上利用内蒙古的时间序列数据进行人力资本与区域经济增长的实证检验,分析人力资本与区域经济增长之间的关系,并提出增强人力资本投资力度、实现区域经济增长的相关建议。     

农村人力资本水平与城乡收入差距的关系——以小西北为例

以由甘肃、青海、宁夏三个西北地区落后省、区组成的小西北经济区1990～2010年的相关数据为基础,分析农村人力资本水平与城乡收入差距之间的关系。采用平均受教育年限法测算农村人力资本水平,用组间方差法测算城乡收入差距,经过比较得出二者存在周期性倒"U"型曲线关系,与人们的普遍猜想不一致。这说明农村人力资本水平的提高并没有自始至终地缩小城乡收入差距,进而提出从人力资本的角度提出缩小城乡收入差距的对策。     

Following postnational signs: the trail of human rights

Following postnational signs is one of way of moving ‘beyond nationalism’, and this requires a critique of the moral and ethical foundations of the modern political community. However, moving ‘beyond nationalism’ is by itself not necessarily superior to operating within national boundaries. The important issue is how we can improve the human condition by following postnational signs or moving beyond nationalism. The route through human rights is one of many, but it is ethically appealing because it has the potential to broaden the scope of human emancipation and strengthen social bonds across the globe. Promoting human rights can provide a platform for the deconstruction of the nation-state, which will subsequently expose its totalizing effects, especially its strategies for ensuring that the boundaries of territory, nation, citizenship and sovereignty are coterminous.     

A singular chain of events

This paper presents a scenario, a written narrative that describes a series of events that could lead to the extinction of humans as a species. The scenario is built upon three blocks of events. The first contains events that could severely and rapidly reduce human population in a relatively few years. The second block of events describes the regression of human civilization and technological base and the further loss of human population. The third block encompasses global environmental events that the remaining humans are subsequently unprepared to handle. The scenario posits the death by asphyxiation of the last human being by the year 3000.     

共同治理逻辑下的人力资本会计研究

企业理论从“股东至上”演进到“共同治理”,客观需要人力资源会计的发展。尽管目前开始的人力资本产权会计研究把人力资本纳入了企业的权益资本,但并没有反映出人力资本会计核算与“共同治理”理论的内在逻辑一致性。本文指出了人力资本会计设计与核算需要体现的人力资本与物力资本“共同治理”的特征,分析讨论了人力资本的价值运动,提出了股权人力资本与非股权人力资本的会计核算模式,并就相应的会计报告进行了探讨。     

Experiences with EXGAME: an expert system for playing a competitive business game

This paper looks at expert systems in management, by using a business game as an experimental vehicle. An expert system called EXGAME was developed to play a business game, which is normally played by students, with minimal human intervention. This paper concentrates on the effectiveness of EXGAME as compared with human players for tasks at different levels. EXGAME was able to replace human players in decision making at the operational level, and indeed outperform them. However, it proved to be impractical to replace human input at the strategic level. The paper also sheds some light on the problems of trying to build an expert system when there is no real expert. A combination of a modular knowledge-base structure and a process of ‘learning by experimentation’ was effective in this case; it is suggested that this may be an appropriate development strategy in other similar situations. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

财政资助能否提升人力资本？——基于CEPS数据的实证分析

义务教育阶段的财政资助是中国特色重大专项转移支付。基于新人力资本理论,运用倾向得分匹配的固定效应模型,依据中国教育追踪调查数据（CEPS）,考量财政资助对人力资本的影响。结果显示：财政资助有助于提升人力资本,具体表现在对个人非认知能力及其外向性、尽责性与开放性的提升。同时,自我教育期望和父母陪伴在财政资助与人力资本中起到部分中介作用。鉴于此,应进一步深化财政资助工作的育人属性,注重人力资本积累,因人施策提升财政资助绩效。     

A goal programming model for human resource accounting in a CPA firm

Goal programming is a vital technique in reconciling conflicting objectives of job productivity, human resource development, and individual satisfaction. This paper uses a non-monetary approach to human resource valuation by exploring a goal programming model for planning the utilization of interacting human resources. A simulated illustration of the model for a hypothetical CPA firm is described, and the planning alternatives open to the partner-in-charge-of-personnel are shown graphically. The paper concludes with a discussion of extensions of the model.     

经济学要研究人的非理性

主流经济学以人是理性的假设为基础,进行数学化的推论,能够解释人的理性经济行为,但不能说明人的不确定条件下的非理性决策行为。近年来,在不确定条件下决定的非理性行为的研究取得了一定进展,把非理性纳入经济研究成为补充主流经济学缺陷并推动经济学发展的不可或缺的方面。     

Regulating for corporate human rights abuses: The emergence of corporate reporting on the ILO's human rights standards within the global garment manufacturing and retail industry

Despite the ubiquitous nature of the discourse on human rights there is currently little research on the emergence of disclosure by multinational corporations on their human rights obligations or the regulatory dynamic that may lie behind this trend. In an attempt to begin to explore the extent to which, if any, the language of human rights has entered the discourse of corporate accountability, this paper investigates the adoption of the International Labour Organisation's (ILO) human rights standards by major multinational garment retail companies that source products from developing countries, as disclosed through their reporting media. The paper has three objectives. Firstly, to empirically explore the extent to which a group of multinational garment retailers invoke the language of human rights when disclosing their corporate responsibilities. The paper reviews corporate reporting media including social responsibility codes of conduct, annual reports and stand-alone social responsibility reports released by 18 major global clothing and retail companies during a period from 1990 to 2007. We find that the number of companies adopting and disclosing on the ILO's workplace human rights standards has significantly increased since 1998 – the year in which the ILO's standards were endorsed and accepted by the global community (ILO, 1998). Secondly, drawing on a combination of Responsive Regulation theory and neo-institutional theory, we tentatively seek to understand the regulatory space that may have influenced these large corporations to adopt the language of human rights obligations. In particular, we study the role that International Governmental Organisation's (IGO) such as ILO may have played in these disclosures. Finally, we provide some critical reflections on the power and potential within the corporate adoption of the language of human rights.     

Valuation of human assets in a securities brokerage firm: An empirical study

When a service firm is acquired by another firm there is often a significant premium paid over the acquired firm's book value. Often a substantial portion of this premium is due to the value of the human assets acquired. This paper presents a methodology by which the value of the human assets may be determined separate and distinct from goodwill. This is then applied to a case study in a securities brokerage firm. Finally, an amortization schedule is set forth so the asset can be amortized for tax purposes.     

风险投资中企业家人力资本定价影响因素的实证研究

本文从影响风险投资中企业家人力资本定价的因素分析入手,针对其多层次、多维度的特点,建立了一个有内在逻辑关系、能够较全面反映企业家人力资本定价影响因素的理论框架.并采用协方差结构模型分析(CSM)方法,对这些因素进行了实证研究.结果表明,在风险投资中,企业家的控制权对企业家人力资本定价影响因素的解释率最高,其次是企业经营绩效,企业经营规模的解释率较低.     

Whitehall, Westminster and Human Rights

No single institution can offer adequate protection for people's human rights. All public bodies must incorporate human rights into their procedures if proper protection is to be established. Bodies such as central government and Parliament may appear to be in confrontation with each other, but they can actually complement each other's respect for human rights. This article examines the arrangements made by Whitehall departments and Parliament to implement the Human Rights Act 1998, and suggests that both Whitehall and Westminster have significantly improved their capacities to secure respect for human rights.     

Taxation in an Overlapping Generations Model with Human Capital

We examine the impact of flat-rate taxes on intergenerational equity in an overlapping generations model of a small open economy, assuming the intergenerational externality of human capital accumulation. The externality may cause the difference between the growth rates in private human capital and in average human capital of the economy. If the externality is sufficiently small, the introduction of an interest income tax will benefit all future generations. In contrast, if it is sufficiently great, the introduction of a wage tax could harm all generations by raising financial asset holdings and thereby reducing consumption.     

Gaia bites back: Accelerated warming

This scenario portrays a human extinction event in approximately 500 years due to entangled human and planetary positive feedback loops that lead to terminal system failures. The underlying dynamic of the catastrophe for humans is the shift of the Planetary Life System (or Gaia) to a higher temperature steady state, somewhere below the boiling point of water, but above a tolerance zone for human life. The scenario explores how human systems failures could parallel a suite of natural processes that bring about humanity's extinction by accelerating global warming and removing its nominal temperature range and ecological niche. The scenario posits that human development and progress could continue to flourish up to the “bitter end.”