我国货币政策通过国际贸易传递的实证分析

本文利用相关分析、Granger因果关系分析和自回归分布滞后模型 ,对中国货币政策通过国际贸易传递的途径进行了实证分析 ,结论表明 ,我国货币政策无法通过汇率途径传递到国际贸易上 ,通过信贷传递到国际贸易上是扭曲的途径 ,货币政策能够通过物价途径对净出口有正面影响。     

试析基于金融资产价格的货币政策调控

随着以金融为核心的符号经济的不断发展 ,货币政策的传导机制变得日趋复杂 ,由此产生的一个问题是 ,货币政策是否需要把包括金融资产价格在内的广义价格指数作为调控目标。通过分析可知对于一个证券市场波动可能对宏观经济稳定产生重大影响的经济体而言 ,货币政策应该对资产价格变动保持密切关注 ,但不宜作为货币政策的调控目标     

Optimal monetary policy in a currency union with interest rate spreads

We introduce “financial imperfections” – asymmetric net wealth positions, incomplete risk-sharing, and interest rate spreads across member countries – in a prototypical two-country currency union model and study implications for monetary policy transmission mechanism and optimal policy. In addition to, and independent from, the standard transmission mechanism associated with nominal rigidities, financial imperfections introduce a wealth redistribution role for monetary policy. Moreover, the two mechanisms reinforce each other and amplify the effects of monetary policy. On the normative side, financial imperfections, via interactions with nominal rigidities, generate two novel policy trade-offs. First, the central bank needs to pay attention to distributional efficiency in addition to macroeconomic (and price level) stability, which implies that a strict inflation targeting policy of setting union-wide inflation to zero is never optimal. Second, the interactions lead to a trade-off in stabilizing relative consumption versus the relative price gap (the deviation of relative prices from their efficient level) across countries, which implies that the central bank allows for less flexibility in relative prices. Finally, we consider how the central bank should respond to a financial shock that causes an increase in the interest rate spread. Under optimal policy, the central bank strongly decreases the deposit rate, which reduces aggregate and distributional inefficiencies by mitigating the drop in output and inflation and the rise in relative consumption and prices. Such a policy response can be well approximated by a spread-adjusted Taylor rule as it helps the real interest rate track the efficient rate of interest.     

Should the exchange rate be a shock absorber?

This paper examines the welfare case for the exchange rate as a “shock absorber”, cushioning an economy in face of shocks to world demand for its good. We provide an example in which, although the exchange rate acts perfectly as a shock absorber, stabilizing output around the natural rate, and eliminating the impact of nominal rigidities, it may in fact be better to prevent the exchange rate from adjusting at all. The explanation for this is that, with incomplete international financial markets, the natural rate is inefficient; it does not respond enough to demand shocks. While fixing the exchange rate increases the volatility of consumption, the pro-cyclical nature of monetary policy under a fixed exchange rate allows for a more efficient composition of consumption between home and foreign goods. Furthermore, for the shocks examined, a welfare maximizing monetary rule always dampens exchange rate volatility relative to that of a free float, and in some cases may imply a fixed exchange rate.     

Global monetary policy under a dollar standard

This paper derives an optimal monetary policy in a world with a dollar standard, defined as an environment in which all traded goods prices are set in US dollars, so that exchange rate pass-through into the US price level is zero. We show that the US is essentially indifferent to exchange rate volatility, while the rest of the world places a high weight on exchange rate volatility. In a Nash equilibrium of the monetary policy game, US preferences dominate; the equilibrium is identical to one where the US alone chooses world monetary policy. Despite this, we find surprisingly that the US loses from the dollar's role as an international currency, since the absence of exchange rate pass-through leads to inefficient expenditure allocations within the US. Finally, we derive the conditions for a dollar standard to exist.     

CLOSED-FORM SOLUTIONS FOR OPTIMAL PORTFOLIO SELECTION WITH STOCHASTIC INTEREST RATE AND INVESTMENT CONSTRAINTS

We examine the portfolio choice problem of an investor with constant relative risk aversion in a financial market with partially hedgeable interest rate risk. The individual shadow price of the portfolio constraint is characterized as the solution of a new backward equation involving Malliavin derivatives. A generalization of this equation is studied and solved in explicit form. This result, applied to our financial model, yields closed-form solutions for the shadow price and the optimal portfolio. The effects of parameters such as risk aversion, interest rate volatility, investment horizon, and tightness of the constraint are examined. Applications of our method to a monetary economy with inflation risk and to an international setting with currency risk are also provided.     

Financial integration and the wealth effect of exchange rate fluctuations

Recent years have witnessed a large increase in international financial integration in the form of largely offsetting cross-holdings across countries. We assess how such financial leverage affects the international transmission of monetary shocks, and find that it leads to sizable welfare differentials that far exceed the impact due to nominal rigidities. We document the relevance of the exact nature of holdings, with bond holdings associated with larger effects than equity holdings. The impact of financial leverage on welfare is also sensitive to the extent of exchange rate pass-through and the substitutability between goods produced in different countries.     

国际大米市场价格波动对国内市场的传递效应——基于误差修正模型的估计

基于2006年2月—2011年3月的月度数据,对国际大米价格波动与中国国内大米价格波动的长期均衡关系进行检验,分析国内大米价格波动的主要影响因素及其程度,考察国内外大米市场价格波动的时滞效应与调整效应,并从外贸途径和期货途径测度国外大米价格波动对国内大米价格波动的传导效应,基本结论是:国际大米价格波动与国内大米价格波动存在长期稳定的均衡关系,长期内国内大米价格波动主要由通货膨胀带动,且价格传递具有明显的时滞效应和调节效应。脉冲响应函数和方差分解方法实证结果表明,国际大米价格通过外贸渠道和期货渠道对国内大米价格产生影响,其中期货途径对国内大米价格波动的传导效应更显著。     

A new scheme for static hedging of European derivatives under stochastic volatility models

This study proposes a new scheme for static hedging of European path‐independent derivatives under stochastic volatility models. First, we show that pricing European path‐independent derivatives under stochastic volatility models is transformed to pricing those under one‐factor local volatility models. Next, applying an efficient static replication method for one‐dimensional price processes developed by Takahashi and Yamazaki (2008), we present a static hedging scheme for European path‐independent derivatives. Finally, a numerical example comparing our method with a dynamic hedging method under Heston's (1993) stochastic volatility model is used to demonstrate that our hedging scheme is effective in practice. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 29:397–413, 2009     

A macroeconomic model of international price discrimination

This paper builds a baseline two-country model of real and monetary transmission in the presence of optimal international price discrimination by firms. Distributing traded goods to consumers requires nontradables, making the price elasticity of demand country-specific and a function of the exchange rate. Profit-maximizing monopolistic firms drive a wedge between prices across countries, optimally dampening the response of import and consumer prices to exchange-rate movements. We derive general equilibrium expressions for the pass-through into import and consumer prices, tracing the differential impact of real and monetary shocks on marginal cost and markup fluctuations through the exchange rate.     

Monetary policy and welfare in a small open economy

This paper analyzes optimal monetary policy in a small open economy featuring monopolistic competition and nominal rigidities. It shows that the utility-based loss function for this economy can be written as a quadratic expression of domestic inflation, output gap and real exchange rate. The presence of an internal monopolistic distortion and a terms of trade externality drives optimal policy away from domestic inflation targeting and affects the optimal level of exchange rate volatility. When domestic and foreign goods are close substitutes for each other, the optimal policy rule implies lower real exchange rate volatility than a domestic inflation targeting regime. The reverse is true when the elasticity of substitution between goods is low.     

国际油价与人民币汇率的非对称溢出效应研究--基于VEC-BEKK-GARCH模型

石油作为重要的战略能源,其价格波动对全球经济的运行和发展会产生极大的影响。为测算国际油价与人民币汇率的均衡关系及非对称溢出效应,选取2008年1月~2019年7月的每日数据,在平稳性检验的基础上,综合运用协整检验和脉冲响应函数等方式,对二者的均值溢出效应进行测量;在VECBEKK-GARCH模型的支撑下,对其非对称波动溢出效应水平进行测算。研究结果表明:国际油价与人民币汇率的协整关系和均值溢出效应处于长期均衡状态;二者的非对称波动溢出效应是双向的,国际油价会随人民币汇率的变化呈现出时变性和持续性特征,而国际油价变动具备持续性特征时,人民币汇率随之产生变化。这种非对称波动溢出效应表明,无论国际油价如何变化,对人民币汇率的冲击都是非对称的。     

变革中的国际货币体系及中国的策略分析

布雷顿森林体系瓦解以来,国际货币体系进入了浮动汇率制时代。浮动汇率被认为可以自发调节国际收支,然而浮动汇率制本身难以解决双边汇率易变性和偏离性的难题。目前,如何改变全球性的国际收支失衡状况已经成为国际货币体系亟待解决的主要问题。以国际货币基金组织为代表的国际机构正在进行积极的改革,以应对这一挑战。     

我国外汇储备与CPI波动动态传导机制研究

文章构建IS-LM-BP模型并借助1994年1月～2008年6月(174个样本)月度时间序列数据,对我国物价波动及其传导机制进行实证研究。结果发现:外汇储备、进出口贸易和物价之间存在长期协整关系;短期和长期内货币供应量和外汇储备对物价波动均产生正向冲击;进出口贸易是物价波动的格兰杰原因,但外汇储备不是物价波动的格兰杰原因;脉冲响应证实进出口贸易和货币供应量短期内减缓物价波动,但是长期内对物价波动冲击效应显著,加剧物价波动。由此可见,在开放经济发展过程中,不能忽视物价波动的外部传导机制,内外经济问题都需要高度关注。     

Bitcoin price growth and Indonesia's monetary system

Concerned by the volatility of Bitcoin price growth (BPG), Bank Indonesia—Indonesia's central bank—discourages trading cryptocurrencies. We examine the relationship between Bitcoin price growth (BPG) and Indonesia's monetary aggregates (inflation, real exchange rate, and money velocity). In doing so, we develop the conceptual link between Bitcoin and monetary aggregates. We find strong and robust evidence that BPG leads to inflation growth, currency appreciation, and a reduction in money velocity. Our results have policy implications for other central banks in terms of achieving stability of the monetary system if BPG is indeed a concern for those countries.     

The spillover effects of China's monetary policy shock: Evidence from B&R countries

This paper examines the international spillover effects of China's monetary policy shock on macro and financial variables in 26 countries along the Belt and Road (B&R) from 2000 to 2019. We find that a surprise Chinese monetary tightening brings about a widening in the short-term interest rate spread, a drop in the equity price, nominal depreciation against the RMB and real depreciation, and an improvement in the trade balance, on average, across the 26 B&R countries. Moreover, substantial heterogeneous effects emerge in the responses of the foreign real exchange rate and the trade balance in different groups in terms of the 26 countries' trade weights with China, capital openness, and national income levels. Finally, all the empirical evidence reveals that the expenditure switching effect plays an important role in facilitating the international transmission of China's monetary policy shock.     

Does International Order Flow Contribute to Price Discovery in Futures Markets?

This study examines whether order flow originating from overseas contributes to price discovery in domestic futures markets. This issue is examined using a unique dataset for stock index futures traded on the Australian Securities Exchange that identifies the geographic location of computer servers on which orders are placed. We find that (i) transactions originating from overseas servers have a significant impact on the price volatility of stock index futures; (ii) trades initiated from international servers also have a permanent impact on price; and (iii) price movements caused by trades initiated from overseas servers lead those on domestic servers and make a greater contribution to price discovery. Our results confirm that international order flow is important in the price discovery process in domestic markets.     

Harvest contract price volatility for cotton

Changes in agricultural and international trade policy have increased attention to issues of price volatility and risk management. Previous work in the area of price volatility has typically focused on grains, with little work dealing with cotton. The objective of this analysis was to examine the determinants of price volatility for cotton, focusing on the growing season volatility of the harvest contract. Different econometric techniques, including ARCH/GARCH, were employed to estimate the effects of a set of variables on price volatility. The potential for a nonlinear relationship between price and volatility was examined. Findings suggest a significant seasonal pattern to volatility as well as a nonlinear relationship between price and volatility. The results also suggest that cotton price volatility has not significantly changed with respect to changes in agricultural policy. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 19: 717–733, 1999     

Does Index Futures Trading Reduce Volatility in the Chinese Stock Market? A Panel Data Evaluation Approach

This study investigates the effect of introducing index futures trading on the spot price volatility in the Chinese stock market. We employ a recently developed panel data policy evaluation approach (Hsiao, Ching, and Wan, 2011) to construct counterfactuals of the spot market volatility, based mainly on cross‐sectional correlations between the Chinese and international stock markets. This new method does not need to specify a particular regression or a time‐series model for the volatility process around the introduction date of index futures trading, and thus avoids the potential omitted variable bias caused by uncontrolled market factors in the existing literature. Our results provide empirical evidence that the introduction of index futures trading significantly reduces the volatility of the Chinese stock market, which is robust to different model selection criteria and various prediction approaches. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 33:1167–1190, 2013     

风险承担渠道：货币政策信贷传导渠道新探

近年来,＂风险承担渠道＂作为货币政策传导的一条新渠道,逐渐引起学界和业界的广泛关注。2008年爆发了全球性金融危机,反思其成因,＂过低的利率＂被一些学者认为是重要的诱因之一。长时期过于宽松的货币政策将引起投资者风险偏好的上升,导致金融不平衡的累积。风险承担渠道的研究表明,追求物价稳定的宽松货币政策对金融稳定产生了负面的影响。物价稳定与金融稳定双重目标的有效实现,需要货币政策与宏观审慎政策的协调配合。