直接投资与结构性市场进入壁垒

进入壁垒,长期以来人们对它的讨论基本上还只是局限于国内产业或行业市场的界限,讨论的大多是新进入厂商对一个行业进入所遭遇到的困难。公众,包括政府的价值立场还是站在相对弱者,即进入厂商这一边,对拥有先入优势的垄断厂商予以抨击,对有望促进竞争的进入厂商,不管是小企业还是较大规模的进入者,基本上持支持、同情的姿态。但随着企业,尤其是大规模企业开始实施纵向一体化及多样化经营扩展,社会对进入     

行政性进入壁垒下的企业预算约束硬化

行政性进入壁垒保护下的企业实际上是行政性垄断企业。除了公有制本身会导致这些企业出现软预算约束外,行政性进入壁垒的设置与政府管制会强化预算软约束,即这类企业在亏损时更容易获得政府的救助,企业的冗员更不容易释放。而拆除或降低行政性进入壁垒、引入竞争者或允许行业竞争,有助于硬化行政垄断企业的预算约束。     

行政性进入壁垒下企业高报成本的道德风险

在行政性壁垒保护和政府管制下的企业一定程度上是以政府作为第三方力量与消费者之间通过"转移"进行非市场化交易.保护性壁垒和管制强化了企业内部人高报成本的道德风险.企业会将实际的和伪装的低效率归于政府施加的非利润目标.成本加成定价管制激励了高效率企业采取伪装成低效率企业的策略.     

我国产业过度进入的结构性与策略性因素分析

产业过度进入是我国经济转型期的特殊现象 ,产业进入壁垒失效是导致这一现象的主要原因。本文从进入壁垒的角度分析了我国产业过度进入的结构性与策略性因素 ,并提出了解决问题的思路。     

广告壁垒的结构性效应研究

广告可以被视作一种市场进入壁垒,能够帮助在位企业阻止潜在厂商的进入。本文通过建立两厂商的差异产品价格竞争模型、对不同关键参数进行分析,研究了广告的各种市场进入壁垒效应如何有效阻止潜在厂商进入,并以日化行业为例,说明了模型在具体行业分析中的作用,旨在为日后研究提供一种新的分析思路和理论参考。     

民营企业进入壁垒的现状分析

尽管近年来各级政府出台了多项鼓励非公有制经济进入垄断行业的政策措施,民营企业也在进入壁垒方面进行了各种尝试与努力。然而一些体制上的规制性壁垒依旧存在,并且严重阻碍了民营经济的进一步发展。本文试图以从现状出发,谈谈限制民营企业发展的规制性壁垒,分析其形成的原因,并提出政策意见。     

企业进入壁垒的博弈分析

关于进入壁垒,许多经济学家都进行了大量的研究,从结构主义学派到后来的新产业组织理论,他们的研究主要认为由于潜在企业的优势或者潜在进入企业的额外成本,虽然新产业开始研究企业的行为,但是还是归因到其他方面。本文基于博弈论理论,通过固定成本角度对进入壁垒进行研究,并提出相关政策建议。     

基于博弈论的企业进入壁垒研究

经济新常态背景下,我国经济发展进入一个崭新时期。同时,企业也在面临着转型升级的最大难题,而企业的转型升级必须要考虑到行业的进入壁垒和进入阻挠问题。对于进入壁垒与进入阻挠理论,各个学派研究结论均有所差异,本文主要从产业结构组织理论出发展开研究。在不同市场类型中,潜在企业如果想要进入市场就必须承担一些在位企业不会承担的成本,在位厂商有意识地利用低价格、过度生产能力设计、"抢占"手段等战略行为来构筑战略性进入壁垒,以保持"蛋糕"的规模和完整性。本文针对行业进入壁垒与进入阻挠问题提出经济新常态下企业的应对策略。     

招聘却失业——劳动力市场与进入壁垒分析

微观经济学的前沿问题主要是在产业组织领域中,相关研究包括市场中企业间的技术转让问题;寡头市场中企业的竞争与合作行为;劳动力市场与进入壁垒分析等,本文就其中劳动力市场与进入壁垒一问题,浅谈自己的一些理解和拙见。     

如何打破我国饭店业的进入壁垒

进入壁垒是战略管理中用来分析产业结构的工具之一。本文分析了中国饭店业进入壁垒的现状,并揭示了饭店业进入中创新性进入的必要性。     

中国市场进入障碍与经典理论相一致吗?

文章从中国迟缓进入者企业类别中抽选了204个有效样本,检验中国经济环境下进入障碍结构和各个构成类别的重要性.研究显示,中国经济环境主要由三种进入障碍构成,分别是资金、竞争和经营环境,集中反映了14种不利因素.另外,中国经济环境中不存在经典理论普遍认同的最重要的进入障碍--守成者的成本优势,同时发现中国最重要的进入障碍是守成者管理经验.     

Entry barriers in retailing

The main purpose of the present research is to compare the impact of exogenous and endogenous market entry barriers in the retail setting. To clarify this issue, potential reactions by existing retailers to prospective competitors are studied. The results indicate that the major entry barriers are capital requirements, availability of store locations, and availability of qualified personnel: all exogeneous variables. In addition, the endogenous barriers most highly ranked, on the assumption that entry would occur, are those designed to reinforce exogenous barriers. Further, collateral issues are addressed. The results are discussed within the context of the research, and directions for future research are given.     

Exploring the Impact of Digital Platforms on SME Internationalization: New Zealand SMEs Use of the Alibaba Platform for Chinese Market Entry

Digital platforms have changed the way in which Asia-Pacific firms operate across borders, however, the impact of digital platforms on entry strategy is under-researched in current International Business literature. This study aims to explore how digital platforms impact New Zealand small and medium-sized (SMEs) companies’ entry into the Chinese market. The results of case study interviews conducted with four SMEs suggest that digital platforms ease entry barriers to some extent, particularly in helping overcome resource constraints and facilitating access to networks. However, the participating firms still required local staff as a key part of successful market entry.     

基于进入壁垒分析凡客亏损原因

在电子商务以其轻资产模式受到广泛欢迎的今天,凡客诚品---作为一支新锐迅速突起。然而,其发展模式模式受到质疑。分析发现,凡客诚品连续4年的亏损只是一个表面现象,所积累的沉淀成本是其目前为止处于亏损状态的重要原因。凡客诚品从产业布局的角度进行的产业链控制战略,通过规模庞大的广告支出以及自建物流体系,形成了凡客诚品自身的壁垒,已经为其未来竞争立于不败之地打下了很好的基础和保障。可以预见,凡客诚品将牢牢控制住电子商务行业的产业链利用输出点,其未来的竞争实力必然不容小觑。     

Barriers to Internationalisation: A Study of Entrepreneurial New Ventures in New Zealand

This paper presents the findings of a study of the perceptions of the barriers to internationalisation by 561 New Zealand Entrepreneurial New Ventures (ENVs). Significant differences in the perception of the barriers are identified according to the level of international activity of New Zealand ENVs. Exporters and likely exporters consider the main barriers to internationalisation to be finance and cost-related factors. A lack of New Zealand government incentives are also seen to be major barriers for these two groups with likely exporters also perceiving their lack of international experience to be a hindrance. By comparison non-exporters perceive firm size to be the biggest barrier to internationalisation followed by a lack of market knowledge and experience. Industry was found to have no influence on the perception of barriers to internationalisation, however, firm size does have an impact.     

文化产业发展的结构障碍与突破方略——以江苏省为例

通过对江苏文化产业结构分析,发现江苏省文化产业总量水平不高,对国民经济贡献份额偏少,区域间发展水平不均衡;产业集群化、国际化水平相对较低。影响和制约江苏省文化产业发展的最大障碍来自于产业结构方面。其原因主要是产业规划不科学、产业层次不合理、产业集聚和产业＂走出去＂的动力不足。江苏省突破文化产业结构障碍,尽快提高江苏文化产业的竞争力和国际化水平,必须完善文化产业政策;确立文化产业发展战略;促进文化产业融合;培育文化产业集群;推动文化产业的国际化。     

A Critical Review of Market Entry Selection and Expansion Into Japan's Market

ABSTRACT

This article offers a contribution to the Japan market entry model selection. It critically analyzes the various models such as the eclectic, transaction cost analysis, Uppsala, resource-based, interactive network, and bargaining power models, with examples as they relate to foreign firms that had used some of these models to successfully establish their businesses in Japan, as well as some foreign firms that have failed in the market. Data were gathered from the past academic journals, the Japan External Trade Organization (JETRO), newsmagazines, and other sources. Knowledge of corporate Japan and the society played a major role in gathering data for this study. The aim of this article is not to prescribe or offer a solution for the best-available model to use in the market entry into Japan but rather to act as a trigger for a critical checkup on foreign firms planning to internationalize their business and enter the Japanese market. Since there has not been a specific model designed for a Confucian society like Japan, an integrated model combining all the models together was examined using the market entry in Japan of Vodafone, Yahoo, Pfizer, GlaxoSmithKline, and Bayer Yakuhin as examples. Finally, the article offers some suggestions on how to enter and expand business in the Japanese market.     

技术性贸易壁垒预警指标新思考

文章在详细分析技术性贸易壁垒产生条件的基础上,构建了技术性贸易壁垒实施意愿预警指标体系和技术性贸易壁垒跨越难度预警指标体系来对技术性贸易壁垒进行预警,通过引入层次分析法得出了预警指标权重,最后探讨了预警指标的应用过程.     

Modelling Entrepreneurship: Unifying The Equilibrium and Entry/Exit Approach

Two approaches can be distinguished with respect to modelling entrepreneurship: (i) the approach focusing on the net development of the number of entrepreneurs in an equilibrium framework and (ii) the approach focusing on the entries and exits of entrepreneurs. In this paper we unify these approaches to arrive at a model explaining the equilibrium and actual number of entrepreneurs and the entry and exit rate of entrepreneurs simultaneously and consistently. We apply our unified approach to the Netherlands using self-employment data for the 1960–1999 period. We find error-correction of about 20% per year and a very different situation in terms of disequilibrium before and after the early 1980s. Periods of high unemployment appear to be characterized by both high entry and high exit rates.