简析城市农民工市民化的障碍及实现途径

城市化不仅是农村人口流动到城市,同时还包含着农民向市民转化的过程。农民进城务工虽然转移了大量农村剩余劳动力,但农民工市民化受阻却影响着我国城市化的进程。本文从社会结构和个体行为两个层面,分析了阻碍农民工市民化的社会制度性障碍和农民工自身障碍,并提出从制度变革、社会认同、农民工素质提升等多方面入手,实现农民工的市民化。     

简析城市民工市民化的障碍及实现途径

城市化不仅是农村人口流动到城市,同时还包含着农民向市民转化的过程.农民进城务工虽然转移了大量农村剩余劳动力,但农民工市民化受阻却影响着我国城市化的进程.本文从社会结构和个体行为两个层面,分析了阻碍农民工市民化的社会制度性障碍和农民工自身障碍,并提出从制度变革、社会认同、农民工素质提升等多方面入手,实现农民工的市民化.     

农民市民化问题初探

一、城市化与农民市民化含义理解 城市化是随着社会生产力的发展,人类生产活动和生活活动由农村向城市不断转移和城市空间不断扩展的过程。因此,城市化的涵义应包含:一是社会生产力发展使人口集聚,形成城市;二是人们的生产、生活活动由农村转向城市,也就是农民转化成市民。 农民市民化,是指随着社会生产力的发展,农民的生产、生活方式及理念现代化的过     

改革开放以来我国农民被动市民化的历史演变

现代化意味着城市化,意味着人口向城市集中,逐步市民化。但在快速城市化进程中,我国出现部分农民的被动市民化现象。按照农民户口和失去土地的方式差异,农民被动市民化在我国经历了三个变化阶段。     

关于我国农民市民化问题的思考

城市化进程中的农民市民化,是现代社会结构变化不可逆转的大趋势。所谓农民市民化,指的是在我国现代化建设过程中,借助于工业化的椎动,让世世代代生活在农村的广大农民,离开土地和农业生产活动,进入城市从事非农产业,其身份、地位、价值观念及工作方式和生活方式向城市市民转化的经济社会过程。加快农民市民化,不仅是现代社会结构变迁的必然趋势,而且对整个国家经济社会发展将产生不可估量的深远影响。本文拟就农民市民化在现阶段的意义和做法提出一些看法。     

关于我国农村市民化问题的思考

城市化进程中的农民市民化,是现代社会结构变化不可逆转的大趋势.所谓农民市民化,指的是在我国现代化建设过程中,借助于工业化的推动,让世世代代生活在农村的广大农民,离开土地和农业生产活动,进入城市从事非农产业,其身份、地位、价值观念及工作方式和生活方式向城市市民转化的经济社会过程.加快农民市民化,不仅是现代社会结构变迁的必然趋势,而且对整个国家经济社会发展将产生不可估量的深远影响.本文拟就农民市民化在现阶段的意义和做法提出一些看法.     

包容性发展视角下农业转移人口市民化问题研究

近年来,农业转移人口市民化问题受到了越来越多的关注,农业转移人口在市民化过程中遇到的阻碍,严重制约了市民化进程,也延缓了新型城镇化的步伐。农业转移人口市民化不但关系到"三农"问题,而且还会影响到我国经济发展的质量。包容性发展理念的提出为解决农业转移人口市民化问题提供了新思路。本文基于包容性发展的视角,提出了农业转移人口在市民化的过程中面临的种种排斥,包括就业市场的排斥、制度排斥、社会心理的排斥、政治以及经济排斥,并结合包容性发展理念从政府、社会和个人三个层面提出了对策。     

农业转移人口市民化背景下农民的退出权问题研究述评

随着城市化进程的加快,农业劳动力不断向城市转移,形成农业转移人口市民化的发展趋势。然而,农业转移人口市民化的一个主要障碍是城乡二元土地制度的问题,其实质是农民没有土地"退出权"。本文对退出权相关的文献进行分析,首先说明了农业转移人口市民化的发展趋势,然后指出农村土地制度的缺陷,并进行法理分析,进而探讨农民的土地"退出权"问题。结果表明:在农业转移人口市民化背景下,应赋予农民土地"退出权",建立有效的退出机制,才能真正实现市民化。本文总结已有文献研究成果和存在的不足,展望未来需要深入研究的方向。     

充分重视农民工市民化

农民工是指户籍在农村,但主要在城镇从事非农产业的劳动人口,广义的农民工还包括在农村内部从事二三产业的人员。农民工市民化是指农民流入城市就业并生活,成为城市新市民和逐步融入城市的过程,与这个过程相伴随的不仅是农民职业上的转变,而且是从传统乡村文明向现代城市文明的整体转变。农民工市民化     

数据

<正>中央财政下达300亿元支持农业转移人口市民化为贯彻落实党中央、国务院有关决策部署,2019年财政部下达农业转移人口市民化奖励资金300亿元,支持农业转移人口市民化,推进新型城镇化。财政部表示,地方财政部门应根据本地区农业转移人口市民化特点,合理分配资金,加强资金使用管理,重点向吸纳农业转移人口较多地区倾斜,向有效解决农业转移人口市民化过程中突出问题的地区倾斜,切实保障农业转移人口基本公共服务需求。     

Perpetuating poverty through exclusion from social programmes: lessons from Andhra Pradesh

ABSTRACT

What factors underlie the exclusion of some poor households from welfare programmes? This article analyses the question through a comparative examination of households’ demographic characteristics, social capital and communities’ spatial (dis)advantage as determinants of enrolment in three social programmes in Andhra Pradesh, India. The main findings indicate that traditionally marginalised demographic groups do not experience programme exclusion significantly more than other groups, but that households’ social-network capital and communities’ spatial advantage increase households’ programme inclusion. The importance of social capital for programme inclusion wanes, however, in spatially more advantaged communities.     

Insights from Anticipatory Prices

Contemporaneous observations on expected supply and on prices of post‐harvest futures contracts for corn are used to estimate expected demand relationships. These equations are used to estimate the prices of the post‐harvest contracts based on new supply estimates. Each estimate can be compared with a corresponding futures price, i.e. the market forecast. The differences help discern the market expectations about the expected demand for the new crop relative to historical experience, which can help support outlook analyses. We find that in recent years, a 100 million bushel change in the expected supply of corn results in about a 6 cent per bushel negative change in the price of December corn. The discussion also deepens understanding of the term ‘anticipatory prices’ as defined by Holbrook Working in his 1958 work.     

Tracing the Pathways from Research to Innovation: Evidence from Case Studies

The complex process through which agricultural research stimulates innovation and achieves policy goals has commonly been treated as a ‘black box’ in the scientific literature. Statistical correlations between measured expenditure and impacts, where satisfactorily established, have mostly led to details of the research and innovation system being ignored. However, identifying and exploring causal chains of impact propagation can strengthen agricultural innovation. IMPRESA investigated impact mechanisms for research‐based innovations in six case studies using a Participatory Impact Pathway Assessment approach. Several suggestions result for improving performance and public support for agricultural research. Planning for impact is needed at the design phase of research so that expected advances in technology and their consequences can be explored. At that stage and throughout the research process, soft social skills are required to promote uptake. Greater impact can be achieved through the close involvement of key public and private sector stakeholders, using stakeholder mapping as a supporting tool. There is a strong argument for the close involvement of relevant social scientists and professional facilitators from the design phase of research through to its ultimate impacts. Funding frameworks and the specification of calls for tenders would function more effectively by giving more flexibility for stakeholder engagement.     

荷泽经验引发的思考

山东菏泽近5年来,新增农田林网72.13万hm2,农林间作23.3万hm2,建成了比较完善的农田综合防护林体系。一个曾经有名的贫困地区,有效解决了困扰粮食发展的两大限制因素即干热风和风沙,实现了粮食连年增产,促进农民增收2亿元以上,生态状况发生了根本性的变化,为下一步的更大发展创造了条件。荷泽的经验就是林茂。林业是国民经济的基础,它涉及人类生存、农业兴衰和社会生活的安定与祥和。     

Anti-community state pesticide preemption laws prevent local governments from protecting people from harm

During the past 25 years, many state governments in the United States have adopted anti-community state preemption laws to preclude local governments from enacting ordinances regulating pesticides. In the absence of local controls, people and property are being adversely effected. The issue accompanying state preemption statutes is whether the laws constitute a reasonable resolution of the positive and negative externalities that accompany pesticide usage. Through a discussion of the tradeoffs involving pesticide preemption, we show that states having divergent agricultural, residential, commercial, and recreational activities might be better served by allowing local governments to govern selected matters involving pesticides. State pesticide preemption laws denigrate local governance and compromise public health and economic well-being. If legislators care about the health of their communities and citizens, they need to repeal preemption laws that prevent appropriate safety regulations by local governments.     

Risks and returns from soil conservation: evidence from low-income farms in the Philippines

This paper examines risks and returns associated with soil conservation on hillside farms in the Philippines. Stochastic efficiency analysis is combined with a heteroskedastic regression model to assess the impacts of contour hedgerows on low-income corn farms. Regression analysis indicates that, over time, contour hedgerows can improve yields up to 15% compared with conventional practices. The analysis also provides weak support tor a hypothesis that hedgerows are variance reducing. However, results show that the reduction in yield variability afforded by hedgerows is modest, and that yield variability may increase by as much as 5% as hedgerow intensity rises. Tests for stochastic dominance show that, compared with the conventional tillage system, hedgerows do not constitute an unambiguously dominant production strategy. Stochastic elticiency with respect to a function is used to identify a range lor the coefficient ol relative risk aversion within which hedgerows dominate conventional tillage. Results suggest this range would be rather high; hedgerows dominate the conventional cropping strategy only lor decision-makers with relative risk aversion coefficients in the range 3-5.5. Implications for soil conservation adoption in low-income settings are discussed.     

Do Chinese farmers benefit from farmland leasing choices? Evidence from a nationwide survey

Using China Family Panel Studies (CFPS), this study investigates factors associated with the choice of farmland leasing strategies and the impact of leasing options on farm performance. Particular attention is given to off‐farm employment and farm subsidies. Additionally, the study applies a selectivity‐based approach to assess the relationship between farmland leasing choices and farm businesses’ performance. Off‐farm employment, older and educated operators, large farms and old‐age pension plans increase the likelihood of leasing out farmland. Part‐time off‐farm employment, grain subsidies and mechanised farms increase the likelihood of leasing in farmland. Finally, the selectivity correction terms in the value of crop production are significantly negative in the choices of farmland leasing, indicating the presence of sample selection effects. Accounting for selectivity is essential to ensure unbiased and consistent estimates.