国外流域可持续发展的实践与启示

介绍了亚马逊河流域、密西西比河流域、田纳西河流域和莱茵河流域的开发与治理实践,表明,水资源的综合开发利用应遵循综合开发原则,加强流域开发中跨区域、跨国界的合作,加强流域开发的科学论证,还应设置统一的组织管理机构,承担流域的整体管理职能,运用法律法规对流域进行有效管理。国外流域可持续发展的经验为我国的流域管理提供了启示。     

流域管理发展动态及其所研究的关键问题

流域管理在欧美开展的比较成熟,成立了各种形式的流域管理委员会及跨国的流域管理机构;我国对流域管理研究的比较早,取得了一定的成绩,但也存在许多失误;流域管理应研究的关键科学问题主要包括流域健康评价及指标体系的研究、流域水文管理模拟、洪灾管理模拟生态修复工程效益模型及可持续发展研究、数字流域研究及流域社会经济可持续管理研究、水资源的开发利用及整个流域经济发展的总体规划、以流域为单元的水资源的综合开发和综合利用问题、流域水资源污染问题、跨流域调水问题及流域管理的组织结构问题。     

金沟河流域和谐发展需协调的关系

为实现金沟河流域和谐发展目标,从外部环境和内部条件两个角度,分析了金沟河流域存在产权关系不清晰、流域管理与行政区域管理界定不清、水资源管理部门分散三大弊端,以及硬件建设缺失和软件服务不到位等主要问题,提出金沟河流域和谐发展的思路:在流域和谐发展方面进行有益的尝试,协调好流域长期发展与近期建设、水量调度与灌区灌溉、水资源优化配置与节水改造、地表水与地下水、流域管理与区域管理和水资源公益性与商品性等关系。     

明晰各方职责 加强流域管理

针对我国目前水资源管理条块分割,流域管理的权威地位没有真正确立的现状,建议:我国应在区域管理服从流域管理的前提下,通过明晰水利部、流域机构和地方水管部门的职责,建立事权划分清晰的新型流域管理体制。     

我国流域水管理法律体制的演变与发展

依据水事四法、流域立法、国家政策和改革实践,对我国流域水管理法律体制的演变和发展进行了历史分析和定性评价,指出我国流域水管理从最初的区域管理体制,演变为流域管理与区域管理相结合的体制,目前仍然处于变革之中。近年来的流域管理机构改革强化了流域管理,河长制的实施强化了区域管理与科层协调,环境监管体制改革要求在生态环保部门建立流域管理机构,国务院和地方政府机构改革则优化了多部门区域管理;这些先后实施的政策和措施之间缺乏统筹,使流域管理与区域管理相结合的体制出现了一定程度的割裂,需要通过进一步的改革予以健全和完善。     

基于流域生态系统管理的黑河流域法规体系框架思考

在借鉴国内外相关经验的基础上,结合黑河流域管理中存在的问题,以机构能力建设为主线,提出构建"一大一小一中"三套黑河流域法规体系框架的思路。通过比对,指出折中方案较为可行,该方案包括充实流域管理内容、明确各级责任主体及部门间协作机制、加强流域机构能力建设并强化社会公众监督和稳妥推进流域立法工作四个方面的内容。该方案设计根据流域生态系统管理的要求,符合流域生态系统管理的思想,体现了流域生态系统管理的内容。     

国外流域综合治理中的组织保障及其对我国的启示

着重研究美国密西西比河、田纳西河和英国泰晤士河流域治理前后的环境和经济变化，分析其组织保障在综合治理中应用的重要性和巨大作用，根据我国流域管理实际情况提出相应的建议。     

流域管理的外部环境评价——以长江、莱茵河、多瑙河为例

为促进流域综合管理,实现流域可持续发展,从经济、法律、社会三方面构建评价空间、管理向量、指标体系和评价函数,并以莱茵河和多瑙河为参照流域,评价长江流域管理体制的外部环境,全面认识流域之间的差异性。结果表明,长江流域相对于莱茵河流域和多瑙河流域均存在明显的外部环境差异性;该研究方法可为流域综合管理的体制改革提供理性视角。     

我国水资源流域管理创新对策

从水资源流域管理的必要性出发，指出流域管理是现行《中华人民共和国水法》的要求，有利于水资源高效配置和水权制度改革，有利于经济社会可持续发展，有利于防洪规划的实现和防洪能力的提高，有利于协调、解决上、下游之间的矛盾。为了加强水资源流域管理，应加强流域机构的职权；加强流域水资源质与量统一管理；加强流域水资源价格管理，建立起节水机制；加强流域水环境管理与保护；加强流域水权交易的准市场制度建设。     

基于制度性响应的流域水资源管理对策研究

在流域水资源综合管理过程中,不少发展中国家习惯于采用结构性响应的方法来解决水资源问题,而忽视了制度性响应方法。通过对国际水资源管理制度性响应实践经验的总结研究,结合我国水资源管理发展进程,提出我国应综合管理所有水资源、通过流域立法建立水管理体制、强化流域管理机构管辖权、提高政府决策透明度,加强公众参与度。     

The influence of social criteria in mobilizing watershed conservation efforts: A case study of a successful watershed in the Midwestern U.S

It has been argued that certain baseline conditions and social preconditions present in a watershed’s community can influence a project’s likelihood of collective action and farmer adoption of conservation practices. However, it is unclear exactly how these conditions interact with catalyst events to lead to successful collective outcomes. In this paper, we build upon previous research describing the role of catalyst events in leading to collective action, as well as research that proposes specific baseline social indicators to consider when siting watershed conservation projects. We contextualize the impetus for a successful watershed project and identify new social indicators that were mobilized for project success through a qualitative case study; the Indian Creek, Illinois watershed project. We illustrate that baseline conditions and social preconditions were key to project success and contend that these conditions mobilized the watershed community toward collective action after being faced with an intentional catalyst event. While baseline social conditions were key to the project’s success, we found that how the project was structured and managed was also very important. Additionally, baseline conditions changed as a result of the project. This study provides an understanding of the mechanisms contributing to project success and is applicable to practitioners in selecting watersheds for future conservation projects and in determining how to structure and manage a watershed-based project.     

Land use scenario development as a tool for watershed management within the Rio Mannu Basin

The Rio Mannu River Basin (Sardinia, Italy) is undergoing a process of agricultural intensification. Like many Mediterranean areas, this basin is characterized by water shortages and diffuse pollution from agricultural sources. Hence the objective of this study was to develop possible land use and land management scenarios that could constitute an alternative to the current watershed management. Several land use and land management scenarios were formulated and analyzed with local stakeholders, and two were selected and simulated as realistic in consideration of the socio-economical aspects of the study area. Scenario 1 involves agricultural practices that include a reduction in fertilizer use to meet the Water Framework Directive requirements for “good” status of water bodies. Scenario 2 introduces rapeseed cultivation, replacing durum wheat in a small area, to investigate the impact of biofuel plant cultivation on water quality. Each option was assessed by considering the effects on water quality, crop yields and economic benefits. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model was applied to simulate hydrological processes and evaluate current and future nutrient loads. This model requires adequate streamflow data for calibration and validation. However, as is the case for many Mediterranean basins, insufficient data were available. Therefore, a methodology was developed and tested to calibrate hydrological processes based on the transposition of a parameter set from a gauged catchment located in the same region. This study suggests that a sound use of fertilizers could substantially reduce the amount of nutrients flowing into surface waters, although the effects of such a policy on crop yield and farm income would be negative in some cases. Moreover, the results clearly predict that the replacement of durum wheat with rapeseed (a biofuel crop), could offer a margin of profit, but would have a negative impact on water quality due to increased nutrient losses. Consequently, this option is unsuitable for this area. Furthermore, it can be inferred from these results that the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources may have a negative impact on the objectives of the EU Water Framework Directive. Clearly, this process needs to be regulated, taking into account environmental and socio-economical aspects.     

基于流域管理的水资源资产负债表编制研究——以太湖流域为例

水资源是维系人类生命和社会发展的重要的自然资源,水资源资产负债表是自然资源资产负债表编制的重要组成部分。编制水资源资产负债表,有利于及时掌握经济社会发展对水资源资产的占有、使用、消耗、恢复和增值的动态变化。依据水资源资产、负债的概念选取相应指标,构建了水资源资产负债核算框架,对开展流域水资源资产负债表编制有着重要意义。     

Decision making in a complex world: Using OPTamos in a multi-criteria process for land management in the Cuitzmala watershed in Mexico

Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES) are incentives offered to land owners or managers in exchange for practices that benefit society with ecological goods and/or services. For the success of PES schemes, the involvement of stakeholders, their needs, knowledge, and perspectives has been found beneficial. This paper presents a new approach in engaging stakeholders based on an iterative transdisciplinary framework for a Social Multi-Criteria Evaluation (SMCE) decision-making process. After a comprehensive review of existing options, the paper describes the development and application of a new software, OPTamos, to allow for efficient handling and processing of large volumes of quantitative and qualitative data generated from stakeholder workshops. Applied to a land use related decision in the Cuitzmala watershed, in the state of Jalisco in Mexico, the outcomes from this approach resulted in acceptable land management options for the entire area of the watershed that satisfied criteria generated by the stakeholders themselves and to finally develop an action plan.     

Land management,erosion problems and soil and water conservation in Fincha’a watershed,western Ethiopia

The knowledge of soil erosion processes, attitude towards rational use of resources and institutional support affect the capability of farmers to implement soil and water conservation (SWC) measures. This research was conducted to determine soil erosion problems and the factors that affect the adoption of SWC measures in Fincha’a watershed, western Ethiopia. A total of 50 farmers were interviewed using a semi-structured questionnaire, and two group discussions were held with 20 farmers. Moreover, transects were walked to classify erosion features, and a quantitative erosion survey was made on 19 farm plots during the rainy season of 2004. The results showed that crop fields are affected by annual soil losses ranging from 24 to 160 Mg ha⁻¹. Farmers are well aware of these erosion problems, and related the soil loss to steep slopes and a decline in soil fertility. However, they did not invest much in SWC measures, but apply soil management practices to sustain crop yields. The wealth status of farmers, land tenure arrangements and lack of access the farmers have to information are the major factors affecting SWC adoption. High labour demand of SWC measures, lack of short-term benefits and free grazing have negatively affected SWC adoption. Soil erosion problems in Fincha’a watershed have both on-site and off-site effects that require integrated SWC planning at watershed scale.     

Land use optimization in watershed scale

Managing a watershed for satisfying the inhabitant's demand is a difficult task if one has to maintain a reasonable balance between usually conflicting environmental flows and demands. The solution to these complex issues requires the use of mathematical techniques to take into account conflicting objectives. Many optimization models exist for general management systems but there is a knowledge gap in linking practical problems with the optimum use of all land resources under conflicting demands in a watershed. In the present study, an optimization problem has been formulated for the Brimvand watershed, Iran, comprising ca. 9572 ha to find out the most suitable land allocation to different land uses, viz. orchard, irrigated farming, dry farming and rangeland targeting soil erosion minimization and benefit maximization.     

推进生态产品价值创造的流域综合治理项目管理模式优化研究——以深莞茅洲河流域水环境治理项目为例

在全国大力发展生态文明背景下,生态产品价值对流域综合治理项目效益提出了更高的要求。生态产品价值创造视角下流域综合治理项目更加关注生态、经济、社会效益的统一,而传统的流域综合治理项目在推进生态产品价值创造的过程中仍然存在如协同治理的缺失、源头治理的忽视、施工效率的低下等诸多问题,严重影响了生态产品价值挖掘的充分性与高效性。文章基于系统均衡理论,以中国电力建设股份有限公司所开展的深莞茅洲河流域水环境治理项目为例,总结流域综合治理项目管理模式经验,并提出科学顶层设计、完善实施路径、创新项目实施模式三个维度的优化措施,助力流域提高生态产品供给量,实现人和自然和谐共生的流域综合治理目标。以生态产品价值创造的视角研究流域综合治理项目效益,进一步深化了流域综合治理理论的发展,为全国流域综合治理提供可参考的经验。     

湖南省永顺县新华小流域综合治理初探

分析了湖南省永顺县新华小流域综合治理现状,经过对治理效益评价分析,得出了小流域综合治理是目前治理水土流失的一种较好方法的结论,对小流域综合治理的优缺点进行了探讨。