Regional Liquidity Risk and Covered Interest Parity During the Global Financial Crisis: Evidence from Tokyo,London, and New York*

ABSTRACT

During the global financial crisis, there were substantial deviations from covered interest parity (CIP) condition. In particular, in the post-Lehman period, the US dollar interest rate became very low on the forward market. However, the deviations from the CIP condition varied across markets. After presenting a simple model, the following analysis examines how the CIP condition between the Japanese yen and the US dollar was violated in Tokyo, London, and New York markets. We show that the CIP deviations became largest in the New York market soon after the Lehman shock but were largest in the Tokyo market in the rest of the turmoil period. The regressions suggest that market-specific credit risks and central banks’ liquidity provisions explained the difference across the markets. In particular, they indicate that larger dollar-specific risk and smaller yen-specific risk caused larger deviations in the Tokyo market.     

Covered Interest Parity and Speculative Efficiency: Some Empirical Evidence for Australia*

Two key relationships which feature prominently through out modern international monetary theory are: (i) covered interest parity and(ii) speculative efficiency of the foreign exchange market, i.e., the unbiasedness of the forward rate as a predictor of the spot rate. This paper presents some empirical evidence for these two hypotheses using Australian data over the period September 1974 to December 1981 during which the Australian dollar was essentially floating. Both quarterly and overlapping monthly data are used. The results obtained generally provide some support for the two hypotheses.     

Overnight Covered Interest Parity:Theory and Practice

This study shows, both theoretically and empirically, that in a world where capital as well as exchange markets are imperfect it is incorrect to employ mid-market rates to estimate CIP relationships. Developing and using the correct specification, we estimated covered interest parity relationships between the overnight U.S. Euro-dollar and Canadian interbank markets, for the 1986-1992 period. It was found that covered interest parity holds for both directions. However, the speed and pattern of adjustments with which potential arbitrage profits are eliminated are not symmetric between U.S. Euro-dollar and Canadian interbank markets. [GI51     

利率、汇率、税率和通货膨胀率的变动对证券市场的影响

证券市场是国民经济的重要组成部分,国民经济的宏观走势对证券市场有着非常重要的影响,在证券投资领域中,宏观经济形势不仅对投资对象有深刻影响,而且证券业本身的生存,发展和繁荣也与宏观经济因素息息相关,因此,在进行证券投资分析时,首先要将其置于宏观经济运行的大背景之中,在确定基本面的影响之后才能展开有关的技术分析。     

资本充足率越高,银行的风险越低吗——基于利率风险的考察

资本充足率是衡量银行综合风险的重要指标,但该指标对银行的意义一直存在争议,而利率风险是银行最重要的风险之一,却少有文章从利率风险角度考察资本充足率变动对银行的影响.本文采用时变系数非参数方法针对中国上市银行进行了相关研究,结果发现:当利率上升会增加银行收益时,提高资本充足率将增大银行的利率风险.通过分析资本充足率的各种提高途径,我们认为银行大量发行次债以提高资本充足率的方式,可能产生新的利率风险.     

Revisiting Covered Interest Parity in the European Union: the DCCA Approach

This paper analyzes the evidence of financial integration, with covered interest parity (CIP), for a group of countries that have already adopted the euro and another group of countries that kept their currencies. We use detrended cross-correlation analysis, which allows analyzing the behavior of time series even when they are not stationary. The main results indicate that countries that adopted the euro do not show much evidence in favor of CIP, before joining the Eurozone, which could imply they will not benefit from all common currency advantages. In the group of countries that did not adopt the euro, Denmark, Sweden, the UK and the Czech Republic are the ones presenting better conditions for financial integration with the euro, while Bulgaria has also some evidence of this. Some possible explanations of CIP deviations are agents not considering all countries’ assets as similar and also the underdevelopment of markets and liquidity problems (more pronounced due to periods of turmoil).     

利率平价理论在中国的适用性--基于债券市场开放的视角

在梳理利率平价文献的基础上,本文从影响中资企业离岸在岸债券收益率的影响因素入手,探讨了利率平价理论在中国的适用性。通过对2010年以来投资级中资企业美元债与境内高等级信用债的计量分析发现,由于资本管制,长期以来抵补利率平价并不适用于中国。伴随着“债券通”之后中国债券市场开放程度的逐步扩大,以及人民币汇率灵活度的提升,自2017年年中以来,抵补利率平价理论开始适用于中国,即使是2020年的疫情冲击也未改变上述关系。汇率成本是影响离岸债券收益率的重要因素,套息交易的作用相对有限。进一步地,本文针对投资级城投债、房地产债的计量分析表明,产业和融资政策限制影响了企业境内外相关债券收益率的相关性,市场不完全是导致利率平价理论在中国不成立的重要原因。本文的研究为我国系统性推动包括债券市场在内的高水平金融开放提供了实证基础。     

China's Capital Controls: Through the Prism of Covered Interest Differentials

We study the renminbi covered interest differential, an indicator of the effectiveness of capital controls. It is found that the differential is not shrinking over time and, in fact, appears larger after the global financial crisis than before. That is, capital controls in China are still substantial and effective. In addition to exchange rate changes and volatilities, the renminbi covered interest differential is affected by credit market tightness indicators. The marginal explanatory power of these macroeconomic factors, however, is small relative to the autoregressive component and the dummy variables that capture changes in China's policy.     

The Covered Interest Parity Puzzle and the Evolution of the Japan Premium

A disturbance or breakdown of the first stage of the monetary transmission mechanism tends to be synonymous with high and volatile money market risk premia. Such market indicators include violations of the covered interest parity (CIP). This was not only evident during the financial crisis of 2007–08, but already during the Japanese banking crisis in the late 1990s, when it became referred to as the “Japan Premium.” Despite extraordinary policy measures by central banks in recent years, however, deviations from the CIP indicate continuing or even elevated stress in the international monetary system. This paper examines a string of distinct, but closely interconnected, assumptions and perceptions regarding CIP arbitrage. By doing so, it not only sheds some fresh light on the recent “CIP puzzle” but also on the era of the Japan Premium during the 1990s and its aftermath.     

国债利率风险与市场风险的识别与规避

长期以来,贷款的信用风险一直被认为是中国银行业所面临的最大的风险,因此银行将大量资产用于购买国债.但是2003年末和2004年上半年,国债市场的频繁波动使越来越多的中国银行认识到国债也不是一种无风险的资产,国债给银行带来稳定的利息收入的同时,也带来了大量的损失.2007年1月4日,中国人民银行推出了上海银行间同业拆放利率,这一利率的推出意味着交易性国债价格的波动将进一步加强,银行由于持有国债所带来的风险也随之更大.因此,如何建立一个行之有效的有中国特色的国债风险管理体系将是未来中国银行业的一大挑战.     

结构性货币政策、金融监管与利率传导效率——来自中国债券市场的证据

强化货币政策与金融监管协调,统筹考虑各类政策的溢出效应,是建设现代中央银行制度的内在要求。货币市场短期利率向债券利率的传导是央行利率调控体系的重要一环,然而鲜有研究探讨货币政策和金融监管对前述传导路径的影响及交互作用。本文利用债券市场交易数据,基于中期借贷便利(MLF)担保品扩容、资管新规政策,使用双重差分模型对该问题进行考察。研究发现,资管新规出台后,货币市场短期利率向债券利率的传导效率显著下降,MLF担保品扩容则对目标债券起到反向调节作用,助力其传导效率恢复。本文结论表明,结构性工具有助于疏通利率传导,缓和金融监管冲击,维护金融稳定。     

A New Test of the Real Interest Rate Parity Hypothesis: Bounds Approach and Structural Breaks

The real interest rate parity hypothesis is tested using data for the group of seven industrialized countries (G7) over the period 1970–2008. The contribution is two‐fold. First, the paper utilizes the bounds approach in order to overcome uncertainty about the order of integration of real interest rates. Second, a test is made for structural breaks in the underlying relationship using a multiple structural breaks test. The results indicate significant parameter instability and suggest that, despite the advances in economic and financial integration, real interest rate parity has not fully recovered from a breakdown in the 1980s.     

Exchange Rate Regimes and Inflation: Evidence from India

Abstract

Exchange rate stability is crucial for inflation management as a stable rate is expected to reduce domestic inflation pressures through a ‘policy discipline effect’ – restricting money supply growth, and a ‘credibility effect’ – inducing higher money demand and reduced velocity of money. Alternatively, the ‘impossibility trillema’ of Mundell (1961a Mundell, R. A. (1961a). Capital mobility and stabilization policy under fixed and flexible exchange rates. Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science, 29, 475–485. doi: 10.2307/139336[Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar], 1961b Mundell, R. A. (1961b). Flexible exchange rates and employment policy. Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science, 27, 509–517. doi: 10.2307/139437[Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]) predicts that in the presence of an open capital account, a stable exchange rate may lead to lack of control on monetary policy and, hence, higher inflation. Using a monetary model of Inflation, this paper investigates the impact of the ‘empirically-claimed’ de facto stable exchange rate regime on inflation in India during different sub-periods of exchange rate stability. The results show that the impact of exchange rate regime on inflation is not visible in the Indian case, which could be because of the offsetting sterilization policy undertaken by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) during expansionary money supply growth resulting from its large-scale intervention to even out exchange rate volatility.     

Foreign Exchange Controls and the Parallel Market Premium

This paper studies the relationship between the official and parallel exchange rates, using cointegration, Granger causality, and reduced form methods on data from three Caribbean countries, Jamaica, Guyana, and Trinidad & Tobago, for the period 1985–93. Where the central bank follows a passive policy of infrequent and large adjustments to the official rate, changes in the official rate Granger causes changes in the parallel rate, and larger disparities prevail between the two rates. Foreign exchange controls, expansionary fiscal and monetary policy, and changes of government mostly have a positive effect on the parallel market premium, with foreign exchange controls exerting the strongest impact.     

利率市场化、汇率改制与国际资本流动的关系研究

随着利率市场化改革、汇率改制以及资本账户开放改革进程的加快推进,我国金融市场面临着前所未有的挑战。本文从理论上分析了国际资本流动与利率、汇率之间的时变和互动关系,并采用时变参数向量自回归模型实证分析了三者之间的时变动态关系。通过进一步分析不同时间阶段我国利率市场化改革、汇率改制以及资本账户开放等对中美利差、汇率波动和国际资本流动的影响效应,结果发现:利率对汇率和国际资本流动的传导渠道相对有限;汇率对利率的传导受阻,但对国际资本流动的影响相对较为顺畅;国际资本流动对利率传导相对较弱,而对汇率的影响十分显著。可见,在利率—汇率—资本流动三者相互传导过程中,利率渠道最为不顺畅。利率对国际资本流动影响渠道受阻,除了因为我国利率的价格机制作用有限和资本账户管制外,另外一个原因则在于汇率日波动受限从而削弱了利率对汇率波动的传导效应,并使得非平抛利率平价曲线无法更好地发挥作用。同时为了避免由于难以控制的资本外逃而导致系统性金融风险,基于本文的研究结果,我国金融市场化改革应该遵循如下改革顺序:利率市场化—汇率改制—资本账户开放。     

The Risk Premium, Exchange Rate Expectations, and the Forward Exchange Rate: Estimates for the Yen–Dollar Rate

The hypothesis that the forward rate is an unbiased predictor of the future spot rate has been rejected in many empirical studies. The rejection of this hypothesis could occur because market behavior is inconsistent with rational–expectations or because there exists a risk premium. Equations describing the forward premium and the change in the exchange rate are estimated jointly, and tests of both the rational–expectations and no–risk–premium hypotheses are conducted. Empirical estimates, obtained using quarterly data for the yen–dollar exchange rate, reject the rational–expectations hypothesis and suggest that there exists a time–varying risk premium.     

我国银行间同业拆借市场利率风险度量

本文利用1996年1月5日至2008年9月17日的我国银行间隔日同业拆借利率序列,通过GARCH模型对收益数据中的自相关和异方差现象进行了实证研究,采用MLE方法估计模型参数,再利用所得参数分别计算了不同收益率分布假设下的不同置信水平的VaR值;在此基础上,进行回测检验,比较了各种模型估计效果,并进一步分析了我国同业拆借利率市场的系统性风险历史波动趋势;最后提出了相关结论与政策建议。     

Exchange Rate Expectations and the Risk Premium: Tests For A Cross Section of 17 Currencies*

Survey data on a broad cross section of 17 currencies are used to determine whether the forward discount moves primarily in response to changes in expectations of depreciation, or in the risk premium. We find that, in contrast to earlier studies involving developed country exchange rates, variation in the risk premium is a quantitatively significant factor in movements of the forward discount. However, changes in expectations also have a substantial effect.     

利率市场化与商业银行利率风险管理

我国商业银行资产负债结构比较单一 ,主要是存贷款业务而且两者不匹配 ,利率市场化后 ,可能给商业银行带来的利率风险有四类 ;我国商业银行应参照巴塞尔利率管理的核心原则 ,积极推进利率风险管理体系的建设。