积累性创新、信息不对称和激励

在积累性创新链中,创新收益在序贯创新者之间的分配是一个重要的激励问题,一个良好的创新激励机制应该使得积累性创新的利益在序贯创新者之间进行合理的分配。本文基于信息不对称的假定,研究了积累性创新中最优专利许可费大小和时序决定问题。与Green＆Scotchmer、Scotchmer的结论不同,我们发现,事前专利许可并不一定能够解决先期创新者对后续创新者的敲竹杠行为。本研究为现实中观察到的一些产业中事后专利许可现象提供了理论上的解释。     

对称信息情况下开发可再生资源的激励问题研究

本文用委托一代理理论研究了对称信息情况下政府管理可再生资源开发活动的激励问题。通过对立并分析资源可持续开发的数学模型表明,政府实施生态平衡管理有助于降低开发人对可生资源的开发努力,在政府及开发人都是风险中性的条件下,激励合同不仅依赖于所观察到的产出,而且依赖于生物种群的内禀增长率。     

企业人力资本与激励性契约

本文通过对企业的本质论述,把企业家定义为在具有"不完备性"的企业和约中有权支配和使用其他生产要素的那部分人力资本的产权主体,并通过对企业组织中各种人力资本的产权特征的分析,指出产权完整的企业家必须对产权残缺的工人和经理进行有效的激励,从而形成一种激励性契约,才能有效降低企业组织费用,实现企业对资源的有效配置。     

Equilibrium Partner Switching in a Bargaining Model With Asymmetric Information

We study a model in which the seller of an indivisible object faces two potential buyers and makes an offer to either of them in each period. We find that the seller's ability to extract surplus from them depends crucially on the value of the cost of switching from one buyer to the next. If the seller is pessimistic about the buyers' valuations and there is a switching cost, however small, then the market is a natural bilateral monopoly; the second buyer is never called on. If the switching cost is zero, or if the seller is optimistic, then switching, and possibly recall of the original buyer, may occur.     

基于契约经济学的公司激励契约的完备性分析

委托-代理理论对于建立完备契约,防治机会主义行为具有重要意义.通过比较分析三种参数化的委托-代理模型得出如下结论:在当前制度和市场环境下,委托人若以企业的净资产现金利润率为基础评价代理人的经营业绩,并以适当的标准强制发放现金股利,则代理契约的完备程度将增加,控股股东掠夺小股东和职业经理侵害外部股东利益等代理问题也将得到有效解决.     

信息不对称资本市场的实验研究

我们采用经济学实验研究方法构建了信息不对称的实验室资本市场,研究信息是否可以通过市场迅速传递。实验结果表明,在信息不对称的情况下,资本市场是非有效的;市场对信息的传递和价格反应是有条件的而且也是需要时间的;资本市场中的投资者并非完全理性,而是具有认知和行为偏差的普通人,存在过度自信和过度交易的情况;信息不对称还可能引起市场操纵行为,从而导致价格泡沫的形成。     

转型期国有企业经营者的激励机制与激励契约

企业是要素市场一系列契约的结点。对企业经营者的激励契约问题进行研究,具有重要的现实意义。利用“激励相容”机制,可以实现“个人理性”和“集体理性”的统一。从博弈理论的角度来看,“激励相容”达到的是一个“纳升均衡”状态,这是达到帕累托最优的必要条件。     

The Simple Analytics of the Principal-Agent Incentive Contract

Going beyond previous studies of the effectiveness of high school economics courses, Saunders reports on his research findings which suggest that “as one moves from the Recogrtition and Understanding questions … through the Simple Application questions to the Complex Application questions, the differences in favor of those with high school economics become smaller….” The implications of these results for the introductory college course are discussed, with some specific suggestions for the course's content and orientation.     

Asymmetric Information and Annuities

The standard Rothschild and Stiglitz (1976) and Wilson (1977) analysis of adverse selection economies is extended to a particular model of annuity market which features both elements of moral hazard and adverse selection. Individuals are heterogeneous with respect to time preferences and they make investments in health care that affect their survival probabilities. The main case considered is that where both preferences and investments (and hence the endogenous survival probabilities) are unobserved. Thus, the model captures a further source of inefficiency that is particular to annuity market: an endogenous correlation between the desire for annuities and the survival probabilities. The basic insights of Wilson (1977) —as worked out by Eckstein, Eichenbaum and Peled (1985) —are worth also in this new setting. When the equilibrium is separating, the government intervention may yield Pareto improvements. If the equilibrium is pooling, the government intervention may improve the well‐being of individuals affected by the inefficiencies and the negative externalities caused by the asymmetric information.     

非对称信息下政府对企业节能减排激励机制研究

综合考虑经济增长与节能减排的双重任务,将消费者购买行为、节能减排努力准入标准、政府监督信号考虑在内,构建了政府与企业之间的多任务委托‐代理模型。分别探讨了对称信息和非对称信息下政府如何设计有效的激励机制,鼓励和引导企业积极进行节能减排。结果表明:节能减排努力市场准入标准越高,政府应给与企业越多的固定补贴;政府应根据观测到的企业不同节能减排努力水平设计激励机制;政府监督对促进企业节能减排具有重要作用。     

Measuring the Impact of Asymmetric Information: An Example from Energy Conservation

Asymmetric information has occupied a central role in theoretical microeconomics for almost two decades, but little has been done to ascertain when it matters in practice. The regulatory problem of promoting energy conservation offers an opportunity to ascertain if asymmetric information mattered and to what extent it altered outcomes. Regulators encouraged utilities to promote conservation, and while the regulators could observe conservation prices, they could not observe utilities' promotional efforts. A theoretical model of the regulatory asymmetric information problem yields propositions about the levels of conservation, prices and utility effort, and simulations with realistic parameters are used to determine asymmetric information's impact on these levels.     

Multidimensional Bargaining Under Asymmetric Information

A buyer with private information regarding marginal valuation bargains with a seller to determine price and quantity of trade. Depending on parameter values, a high‐valuation buyer wants either to reveal information to create value or to conceal it to capture value. In the first case, equilibrium trades are efficient. In the second case, the low‐valuation buyer purchases less than her efficient quantity, and there can be a one‐period delay in trade. The quantity distortion is the only inefficiency that persists when time between offers approaches zero. There exist equilibria that are independent of the seller's prior beliefs.     

Repeated Elections with Asymmetric Information

An infinite sequence of elections with no term limits is modelled. In each period a challenger with privately known preferences is randomly drawn from the electorate to run against the incumbent, and the winner chooses a policy outcome in a one-dimensional issue space. One theorem is that there exists an equilibrium in which the median voter is decisive: an incumbent wins re-election if and only if his most recent policy choice gives the median voter a payoff at least as high as he would expect from a challenger. The equilibrium is symmetric, stationary, and the behavior of voters is consistent with both retrospective and prospective voting. A second theorem is that, in fact, it is the only equilibrium possessing the latter four conditions — decisiveness of the median voter is implied by them.     

Market Selection and Asymmetric Information

We consider a dynamic general equilibrium asset pricing model with heterogeneous agents and asymmetric information. We show how agents' different methods of gathering information affect their chances of survival in the market depending upon the nature of the information and the level of noise in the economy.     

Repeated Contests with Asymmetric Information

The same contestants often meet repeatedly in contests. Behavior in a contest potentially provides information with regard to one's type and can therefore influence the behavior of the opponents in later contests. This paper shows that if effort is observable, this can induce a ratchet effect in contests: high ability contestants sometimes put in little effort in an early round in order to make the opponents believe that they are of little ability. The effect reduces overall effort and increases equilibrium utility of the contestants when compared with two unrelated one-shot contests. It does, however, also introduce an allocative inefficiency since sometimes a contestant with a low valuation wins. The model assumes an imperfectly discriminating contest. In an extension I show that, qualitatively, results are similar in a perfectly discriminating contest (all pay auction).     

回购契约下供需双方利润激励问题研究

对一个供应链实施回购契约,需要保证供需双方的利润水平都不比分散式决策下的水平差。基于这个约束条件,主要阐述了两方面的工作:首先进行了契约可行性分析,验证了需方通过契约,一定能够得到更多利润,而供方却不一定能够得到更多利润;其后,采用一个参数修正的办法,解决了供应商利润激励的问题,最终实现了供应链系统在回购契约下完全的优化协调。     

基于心理契约的知识型员工激励机制的研究

随着我国知识经济的发展,承载着知识、技能、信息、技术的知识型员工作为知识的生产者,成为企业价值的主要创造力量。在现代管理中,知识型员工已成为企业竞争优势的战略性资源。因此,如何有效激励知识型员工,充分调动他们工作的主动性和积极性,使其最大限度的发挥创造力,提高企业的竞争力是21世纪新型经济的重要命题。对知识型员工的激励除了经济契约外,更重要的是在组织和员工之间建立一种心理契约。本文将从心理契约的理论入手,在公平理论、激励理论等的指导下,得出知识型员工的心理契约特性;同时将知识型员工心理契约划分为交易型心理契约、关系型心理契约和发展型心理契约三个维度;最后,从上述三个维度的视角,分别提出与之对应的激励机制。     

Relationships and Hybrid Contracts: An Analysis of Contract Choice in Information Technology

Selecting the type of contract is an important aspect of governinginterfirm transactions. The purpose of this article is to examinethe use of fixed-fee and time-and-materials (T&M, or cost-plus)contracts and a hybrid contract that consists of a T&M contractwith a cap. In addition to uncertainty and measurement factors,we also address a relatively unexplored aspect of contracting—howthe prior relationship between the firms influences the typeof contract the firms select. Using data on 394 contracts fromthe information technology (IT) services industry, we show thatT&M contracts are preferred when the cost of measuring qualityex post is high and when it is difficult to estimate costs exante. We also find site-specific measures of relationship leadto a preference for low-powered T&M contracts.     

Self-Reporting and Ex Post Asymmetric Information

We consider a model of optimal law enforcement where sanctions are reduced for self-reporting individuals. Violators get private signals about their individual probabilities of apprehension after they committed a crime. Since violators will self-report if and only if the signal is above a specific threshold, the possibility of self-reporting has an option value that leads to a higher crime rate if the authority's effort remains unchanged. We demonstrate that self-reporting nevertheless increases social welfare even under the restriction that the crime rate must not be higher than without self-reporting. Received June 15, 2001; revised version received December 19, 2001     

不对称信息与凯恩斯主义投资理论

有效市场理论认为资本资产价格只不过是一幅面纱，实际经济活动是由经济主体的偏好和技术决定的。在凯恩斯主义体系中，金融市场在决定经济的路径中起到核心的作用。通过对金融市场上不对称信息的考察，可以得出这一结论。企业在外在融资的提供者即贷款者能够获取的信息是不同的，这种信息不对称导致金融约束的出现，在这种情况下，对投资的限制来自金融市场而不是来自技术或者偏好。