共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
T.K. Rymes 《Review of Income and Wealth》1979,25(4):393-412
This paper explores the imputed service price approach to the pricing of the services of consumer-owned-and-used durables in the construction of the consumer price index, using the services of owner-occupied housing as an illustration. A theoretical framework for analyzing this question is first developed. Certain practical problems are then discussed. The conceptual difficulty of constructing an appropriate rate of return on the basis of available data on interest rates and house prices, in the context of inflation, is explored. Two arguments are advanced that statistical agencies ought not to follow the imputed service price approach in pricing the services of owner-occupied dwellings and other consumer durables. On the one hand, nominal interest rates will, in any short period, reflect monetary policy and not any change in the money “rental” of owner-occupied houses. Second, movements in nominal interest rates will also reflect changes in the money price of pure consumption goods, as well as changes in the money price of houses. The argument is extended to other consumer durables and, in the limiting case, to monetary balances, and it is concluded that in all but trivial cases the application of the service price approach leads to price movements of little or no meaning. 相似文献
2.
收入风险对居民耐用品消费的影响 总被引:17,自引:1,他引:16
本文首次采用大型微观家庭面板数据对我国城乡居民的耐用品消费进行深入研究,主要结论包括:(1)改革进程方面,20世纪90年代中后期国企转制和员工下岗等就业体制方面的重大变革,使居民"收入风险"显著上升,进而明显抑制了城乡家庭的耐用品消费。(2)城乡对比方面,农村家庭面临更高的收入风险,其消费决策对风险因素也更为敏感,因此在当前的"新农村"建设中,建立健全农业保险和农村就业保障体系,对于提高农民消费和福利水平意义重大。(3)本文的研究结果完全支持(S,s)理论模型;同时在收入风险的度量和代理变量选取方面,文章中的一些分析方法也可以应用于汽车、住房等相关领域的研究和政策评价。 相似文献
3.
Carlos Holder 《Applied economics》2013,45(11):1227-1232
In recent times there have been constant efforts to control the level of consumer spending on durables in Barbados. The main reason for this was to direct the scarce foreign exchange earnings into the ‘productive’ sectors. This paper presents a model of consumer expenditure on durables in Barbados. In the model relative prices, income, hire-purchase terms, credit and the ratio of durable consumption to income have significant effects on expenditure on durables. This leads us to accept that both fiscal and monetary policy play a serious role in such expenditure. 相似文献
4.
Walter G. Park 《Journal of Macroeconomics》1997,19(4):753-769
This paper tests the permanent income hypothesis (PIH) for public consumption. Unlike private agents, a government is a representative national, infinitely-lived agent that usually faces no liquidity constraints. Thus, the expectation is that the PIH restrictions should not be rejected for public consumption. However, using U.S. data, the paper is unable to find evidence supporting the permanent income model of public consumption. Public consumption is found to be sensitive to lagged public income and too smooth relative to permanent public income. The results therefore cast doubt on the characterization of the public sector as a social welfare optimizing agent. 相似文献
5.
We analyze how weak credibility affects the volatility of consumption spending in a model of exchange-rate-based stabilization that allows for both durable and nondurable goods. The inclusion of durables greatly improves the explanatory power of the weak credibility hypothesis. The hypothesis can account for the main qualitative properties of the boom–bust cycle provided the elasticity of durables expenditure with respect to Tobin's q is greater than the intertemporal elasticity of substitution. Moreover, the quantitative effects are very large. In numerical simulations based on conservative assumptions about the expenditure share of durables (20%) and wealth effects (none), aggregate consumption increases 17–22% and the real exchange rate appreciates 24–26% when the crawl decreases from 100% to zero for 3 years. In variants of the model that incorporate supply effects, the consumption boom is equally strong but appreciation of the real exchange rate rises to 30–40%. 相似文献
6.
We provide a revealed preference analysis of the “habits as durables” model. This approach avoids the need to impose a functional form on the underlying utility function. We show that our characterization is testable by means of linear programming methods, and we demonstrate its practical usefulness by means of an application to cigarette consumption using a Spanish household consumption data set. We find that the “habits as durables” model has better empirical fit in terms of predictive success compared to the “short memory habits” and life cycle models. 相似文献
7.
The purpose of this article is to estimate the impact of capitalizing durable goods on the euro area household saving ratios and disposable incomes for the first time. The reason for this exercise is twofold. Firstly, it is generally accepted that individual households regard consumer durables as assets even though they are not treated as such in the System of National Accounts 1993 . Secondly, the issue is related to the definition of household saving ratios. For instance, the U.S. Federal Reserve Board publishes three household saving measures. The main difference between these saving ratios is that one is derived by treating expenditure on consumer durables as investments while the other two are compiled by considering them to be household final consumption expenditure. We find that the effect of capitalizing consumer durables on EA saving ratios is moderate. The impact is lower than it is in the U.S. 相似文献
8.
9.
This paper reexamines the permanent income hypothesis (PIH) in the frequency domain. In contrast to some time domain tests, our frequency domain approach provides an explicit and natural test ofboth the permanentand transitory implications of the PIH for jointly nonstationary consumption and income data. Using a simple theoretical model, we demonstrate that the PIH implies the marginal propensity to consume (MPC) out of zero frequency income is unity. The PIHalso implies that the theoretical MPC out of transitory (or high frequency) income is smaller than the long-run MPC. These theoretical restrictions are natural implications of Friedman's hypothesis that agents consume out of permanent or low frequency income and (dis)save out of transitory or high frequency income. We test this full set of restrictions directly using spectral regression techniques. Under our set of assumptions, the derived disposable income process is shown to have a unit root and to be cointegrated with consumption. We therefore employ a systems spectral regression procedure that accommodates stochastic trends in the consumption and income series as well as the joint dependence in these series. In view of the relatively recent development of these systems spectral estimators, we also conduct Monte Carlo simulations across both low and high frequencies to assess properties of the estimator relative to established single equation techniques. New empirical estimates of the consumption function and tests of the PIH based on systems spectral regression methods are reported for U.S. aggregate consumption and income data over the period 1948–1993. The empirical results provide some evidence for the theoretical implications of the PIH. 相似文献
10.
The effects of monetary policies remain always an important topic in macroeconomics. In the literature (closed and open economy), there is no theoretical as well as empirical consensus regarding the effects of monetary policies. In this paper we examine the real effects of inflation in an open economy. Australia is a classic example of a small open economy and is known to exercise inflation targeting. Using quarterly data from Australia and employing vector autoregressive (VAR) analysis, we provide evidence that inflation, both in the short and long run, negatively affects durable and non‐durable consumption and investment, and has a positive effect on the current account. Further, we show that consumption of durable goods is more sensitive than the consumption of non‐durables during the initial periods following inflationary shocks. 相似文献
11.
VALUING THE SERVICES OF CONSUMER DURABLES 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Although consumer durables are treated as nondurables in most economic accounts, economists have long recognized that they could be treated as capital. If an estimate of the value of the services of consumer durables was available, it could be included in personal consumption expenditures and purchases of the durables treated as a form of investment. Such treatment would give a better picture of changes in a nation's economic welfare over time and make international comparisons more meaningful.
This article reviews the economic literature on how the services of consumer durables can be valued. It examines six alternative measures: the (1) user cost; (2) capital recovery; (3) opportunity cost; (4) market rental value; (5) cost of a substitute; and (6) cash-equivalent value measures. The first three are based on the summation of the costs of the inputs used to produce the services, although only the first two are consistent with the principle that the purchase price of a durable equals the discounted present value of its expected future benefits. The fourth and fifth measures are based on the prices of marketed services while the sixth is derived from the consumer's demand function for the good's services. The article also discusses six major issues in implementing these measures: (1) imputing a rate of return to capital; (2) measuring declines in market value (depreciation and capital gains); (3) accounting for operating expenditures; (4) adjusting for capacity utilization; (5) deflating service values; and (6) defining consumer durables. 相似文献
This article reviews the economic literature on how the services of consumer durables can be valued. It examines six alternative measures: the (1) user cost; (2) capital recovery; (3) opportunity cost; (4) market rental value; (5) cost of a substitute; and (6) cash-equivalent value measures. The first three are based on the summation of the costs of the inputs used to produce the services, although only the first two are consistent with the principle that the purchase price of a durable equals the discounted present value of its expected future benefits. The fourth and fifth measures are based on the prices of marketed services while the sixth is derived from the consumer's demand function for the good's services. The article also discusses six major issues in implementing these measures: (1) imputing a rate of return to capital; (2) measuring declines in market value (depreciation and capital gains); (3) accounting for operating expenditures; (4) adjusting for capacity utilization; (5) deflating service values; and (6) defining consumer durables. 相似文献
12.
IS JAPAN'S HOUSEHOLD SAVING RATE REALLY HIGH? 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This paper discusses, and measures the quantitative impact of, a number of conceptual issues relating to the household saving rate data in the National Accounts of Japan. It finds that Japan's seemingly high household saving rate is biased due to the exclusion of capital transfers and real capital gains, the valuation of depreciation at historical cost rather than at replacement cost, the use of a residual measure of financial saving rather than Flow of Funds Accounts data thereon, and the treatment of expenditures on consumer durables as consumption rather than as saving, but that the biases are to a considerable extent mutually offsetting. It also finds that the Japan-U.S. gap in household (personal) saving rates is due largely to conceptual differences and deficiencies and that household saving in Japan consists primarily of financial saving (net lending), meaning that most of it is available to finance investment in other sectors of the economy and/or abroad. 相似文献
13.
MOTOTSUGU SHINTANI 《The Japanese Economic Review》1996,47(3):271-285
The purpose of this paper is to test whether excess smoothness of consumption, which is not consistent with the permanent income hypothesis (PIH), is observed in Japan. Two simple testing procedures are employed and several measures of Japanese aggregate consumption are used in the analysis. Further, for purposes of comparison, US aggregate data and Japanese income quintile group data are also used. The findings of the paper are the following: all estimates of the consumption variability ratio indicate an excess smoothness of consumption in Japan; the results of tests of PIH differ depending on the testing procedures and the measures of consumption used, in contrast to the results for the US; and the consumption variability ratio is likely to be smaller in lower income groups. This suggests the possible existence of significant liquidity constraints or transactions costs in Japan. 相似文献
14.
This article uses micro-level data from the Consumer Expenditure Survey (CEX) to study consumers?? spending responses to the child tax credit. The article provides one test of the permanent-income hypothesis (PIH) that infers that temporary changes in income have little effect on consumer spending, at the initiation of the child tax credit in 1997, and a second PIH test when the credit was increased in 2003. The evidence supports the PIH in both 1997 and 2003, even using three different proxies for liquidity-constrained households. Separate from any PIH implications, our findings suggest the child tax credit did not provide a short-term consumption stimulus in either of the time periods studied. Our results therefore cast some doubt on whether this type of tax credit should be considered sound fiscal policy. 相似文献
15.
Douglas W. Mitchell 《Journal of Macroeconomics》1984,6(1):43-56
This paper investigates the implications of the negative effect of the real interest rate on aggregate supply. The micro foundations of this effect are first explained. The effect is then incorporated into a dynamic macro model with inflation and rational expectations. If the wealth effect on consumption is large, an increased interest sensitivity of aggregate supply enhances stability. If the wealth effect is small, increased interest sensitivity of supply is stabilizing up to a point, and destabilizing beyond that. Furthermore, an increased interest sensitivity of aggregate supply enhances the positive effect of the monetary growth rate upon steady-state output, and it enhances the negative effect of government spending upon steady-state output. 相似文献
16.
Fiscal Policy and Long-run Growth in R&D-based Models with Endogenous Market Structure 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Pietro F. Peretto 《Journal of Economic Growth》2003,8(3):325-347
This paper shows that in a model of endogenous growth that does not exhibit the scale effect, taxes on consumption and labor income and the level and composition of public expenditure have no effect on steady-state growth. The only fiscal instruments that affect steady-state growth are taxes on asset and corporate income. In line with standard intuition, tax rates and public expenditure have level effects on income per capita. These results emphasize that although growth is endogenous, in the sense that it is determined by the model and it is subject to policy action, instruments that work by changing market size do not affect it. Effective growth-enhancing policies operate through the interest rate. 相似文献
17.
Ben Fine Nigel Foster John Simister Judith Wright 《International Review of Applied Economics》1993,7(2):123-143
A new method is presented for investigating empirically the presence or not of consumption norms in the ownership of durables amongst different socioeconomic groups (although the method is more generally applicable to any situation in which a number of characteristics, and not just durables, may be acquired in a specific sequence). In order to illustrate the method, some results are presented for the ownership of durables as sampled by the National Readership Survey for 1985 and 1990. As a further application of the method, particular attention is paid to the changing incidence of ownership of videos and microwaves. Both theoretically and empirically, the trickle-down model of consumer choice is critically assessed and found to be wanting. 相似文献
18.
Clements and Nguyen, using Australian data, found that money, durables, and other consumption are specific complements. This letter applies a Nasse-type model to the same data and describes the associated preference independence transformation in order to interpret the results. 相似文献
19.
In this paper, the dynamic programming approach is exploited in order to identify the closed loop policy function, and the consumption smoothing mechanism in an endogenous growth model with time to build, linear technology and irreversibility constraint in investment. Moreover, the link among the time to build parameter, the real interest rate, and the magnitude of the smoothing effect is deeply investigated and compared with what happens in a vintage capital model characterized by the same technology and utility function. Finally, we have analyzed the effect of time to build on the speed of convergence of the main aggregate variables. 相似文献
20.
Michał Gradzewicz 《Applied economics》2013,45(17):2443-2455
This article analyses the macroeconomic impact of the loss of autonomous monetary policy after the euro adoption in Poland. Using a two-country Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium (DSGE) model with sticky prices and wages, we find that the euro adoption will have a noticeable impact on the magnitude of economic fluctuations. In particular, the volatility of output, interest rate, consumption and employment is expected to increase while the volatility of inflation should decrease. Also, in order to quantify the effect of the euro adoption, we compute the welfare effect of this monetary policy change. Our findings suggest that the welfare cost is not large. 相似文献