金融市场发展与全球失衡:基于创新与生产的垂直分工视角

在20世纪90年代中期开始的新一轮全球失衡中,以中国为代表的发展中国家成为经常项目顺差的主角。同时,大量FDI从发达国家流向发展中国家,进而形成了发达的全球生产体系。基于全球失衡的上述特点以及在Antràs和Caballero(2007)水平分工模型的基础上,通过建立一个垂直分工模型,可以从国际分工视角为全球失衡问题提供更加坚实的微观基础。同时,模型把社会生产划分为创新和生产两个环节,并指出与生产活动相比,创新活动更加依赖外部融资,因此,金融发展程度更高的国家在创新活动上具有比较优势,而金融发展程度较低的国家则在生产活动上具有比较优势。而且,在进行国际交换时,创新成果和生产成果通常反映在国际收支账户中的不同项目上,因此,基于这种国际垂直分工的创新成果和生产成果的均衡交易将引起参与分工国家经常项目的失衡。     

基础设施互联互通对出口经济体参与全球价值链的影响

本文利用亚洲开发银行（ADB)提供的贸易增加值分解数据构建出口经济体的全球价值链参与程度模型，实证检验各经济体间基础设施互联互通水平对各经济体参与全球价值链的影响。实证结果发现：基础设施互联互通水平促进了出口经济体在全球价值链中的前向垂直专业化参与率以及垂直专业化深度。贸易双方之间的技术差距、制度质量差距等因素会影响物流质量、双边联通变量对全球价值链参与程度的边际影响。技术差距、制度质量差距的增加会降低物流质量对出口经济体在全球价值链中前向垂直专业化参与率的促进作用，但会提高双边联通对出口经济体在全球价值链中前向垂直专业化参与率的促进作用。而技术差距、制度质量差距的变化对物流质量、双边联通对出口经济体在全球价值链中垂直专业化深度的促进作用没有影响。     

贸易垂直专业化之研究综述

对贸易垂直专业化与国际分工的研究,使标准贸易理论的研究视野由产品问分工扩展到产品内分工。对该领域研究的内容、方法与结论做了归纳,就贸易垂直专业化的发展趋势、理论模型拓展以及经济效应分析三个方面的问题加以系统评述。     

汇率、垂直专业化和中美贸易不平衡

人民币的升值并没有导致中国对美国贸易顺差的减少,结合中国参与国际垂直分工,计算整体和行业层面对美国出口的垂直专业指标,并且利用汇改以来的月度数据,检验在垂直专业化条件下的汇率与贸易的关系,结果发现,垂直专业化程度高的行业,汇率的变化对于贸易没有影响;而垂直专业化程度低的行业,人民币的升值对于出口和贸易顺差产生了显著的负面影响。其主要原因是高垂直专业化的行业大量进口中间产品,经过组装以后再出口,其利益主要为跨国企业获得。并且从整体上看中国的出口主要依赖这些行业,所以人民币的升值并没有导致对美国贸易顺差的减少。     

Preferences,Country Bias,and International Trade

The paper analyzes international trade in a Ricardian world where consumer preferences exhibit country bias. In particular, consumers differentiate between identical physical goods by country of manufacture. In contrast to the classical Ricardian model, the pattern of international specialization in production depends on the preference structure. Possible equilibrium configurations include ones where both countries specialize incompletely and trade in both commodities, as well as situations where the pattern of specialization and trade is the reverse of that in the classical Ricardian world. Both interindustry and intraindustry trade can occur simultaneously, though there are no market imperfections or scale economies.     

全球价值链嵌入与制造业转移 ——基于贸易增加值的实证分析

本文利用亚洲开发银行的多区域投入产出表(ADB-MRIO),依据出口贸易增加值分解框架,测算了中国制造业细分行业2000—2017年的全球价值链嵌入位置和国际产业转移情况,通过构建动态面板模型,实证分析了全球价值链嵌入位置对制造业国际转移的影响。研究发现:第一,价值链地位提升促进产业向外转移。劳动生产率提升、垂直专业化与研发投入的交互作用有利于产业向外转移,而过度投资和行业垄断则导致产业向内转移。第二,分行业类型检验结果表明,中低技术行业产业转移对于价值链嵌入位置提升的反应更为敏感。第三,影响机制检验表明,外商直接投资和中间品贸易是全球价值链地位提升作用于产业转移的主要渠道。     

汇率变动对中国出口贸易的影响

在理论上汇率上升会降低出口贸易,在实证上却出现相反的结论。在人民币对美元不断升值的情况下,中国的对外出口贸易却迅速增加。垂直专业分工到双边贸易的引力模型就中国与世界30个主要贸易对象的出口贸易数据研究表明,国际垂直专业化分工使得出口的汇率弹性降低。因此,传统汇率理论会导致弹性的高估,在国际垂直分工下希望通过人民币升值降低中国的贸易顺差也难以实现。     

Vertical Specialization and International Business Cycle Synchronization*

We explore the impact of vertical specialization—trade in goods across multiple stages of production—on the relationship between trade and business cycle synchronization across countries. We develop an international business cycle model in which the degree of vertical specialization varies with trade barriers. With perfect competition, we show analytically that fluctuations in measured total factor productivity are not linked across countries through trade. In numerical simulations, we find little dependence of business cycle synchronization on trade intensity. An extension of the model to allow for imperfect competition has the potential to resolve these shortcomings.     

International supply chains and trade agreements

There is a growing literature that examines the role of trade agreements on the formation of international supply chains. The evidence indicates that in general countries that share trade agreements are more likely to develope cross-border supply chains. In this analysis, we argue that in order to examine the effects of trade agreements on the formation of supply chains between two countries, it is not enough to analyse the impact of the trade agreements that the two countries share but it is also important to assess the impact of the trade agreements that they share with third countries. Using data on trade in value added for 129 countries, we show empirically that about 40% of the potential increase in trade in value added induced by a trade agreement between an importing country and a sourcing partner is wiped out by each additional trade agreement signed by the importing country with third nations in which the sourcing partner is not a member. The result has important implications for regions seeking to develop international supply chains but in which the process of integration is highly fragmented.     

跨境垂直专业化影响因素分析

随着产业组织片段化分解及全球布局的进一步深化,垂直专业化分工成为国际分工的重要形式。东盟作为中国第三大贸易伙伴,也是中国产能输出及构建自己主导的区域生产网络的重点区域。在综合利用跨境投入产出与国际贸易数据对中国-东盟制造业垂直专业化分工进行分行业测度的基础上,运用分行业面板数据分析了中国-东盟制造业垂直专业化分工影响因素,发现行业市场结构或市场集中度是最重要的影响因素,研发投入与技术投入密集度、产业开放度也是中国-东盟制造业垂直专业化分工的重要影响因素。     

The Transmission of Sustained Growth through the Terms of Trade in an Endogenous Growth Model

This paper develops a two‐country model of endogenous growth and international trade in intermediate goods. In autarky just one of the economies enjoys sustained growth. The trade situation may be characterized by complete specialization of both countries, or by incomplete specialization of the growing economy. In either case, trade transmits perpetual growth to the stagnant economy because of the permanent improvements in its terms of trade. The existence of a non‐reproducible factor in the growing economy is crucial to ensure propagation of growth. Moreover, under incomplete specialization countries converge in per capita income. This result relies on two assumptions. First, there must be a large enough share of world income to pay for the input in which the stagnant economy has comparative advantage. Second, all technologies producing intermediate goods should be equally intensive in the non‐reproducible factor.     

Measuring international specialization

Statistical indicators used to analyze international specialization are manifold. However, most of them do not measure exactly the intensity of revealed comparative advantages and do not distinguish it from other aspects such as trade performance. This paper surveys the available indicators, discriminating between trade specialization and productive specialization (the gap between domestic supply and demand). It is asserted that in order to describe the international specialization pattern of a country, it is enough to consider the product distribution of the elementary trade balances, normalized with respect to trade (trade specialization) or to internal demand (production specialization). Indeed, while the individual, normalized trade balances are only performance indicators, deviations from their average correctly measure the intensity of specialization.     

The Great Collapse in Value Added Trade

This paper studies the great collapse in value added trade using a structural decomposition analysis. We show that changes in vertical specialization accounted for more than 40% of the great trade collapse. Second, we find that the drop in the overall level of demand accounted for roughly a quarter of the decline in value added exports while just under one third was due to compositional changes in final demand. Finally, we demonstrate that the dichotomy between services and manufacturing sectors observed in gross exports during the great trade collapse is not apparent in value added trade data.     

An analysis of China’s global industrial competitive strength based on vertical specialization

At the beginning of the 1990s, China witnessed an increase in its international competitive strength in technology-intensive and capital-intensive industries, and a decrease in strength in labor-intensive industries. This paper analyzes the effect of vertical specialization on China’s international industrial competitive strength, explores how different industries have varying reactions under its implementation, and employs theory to explain the possible causes of these reactions. It is found that vertical specialization can help to strengthen China’s global industrial competitiveness, and on that basis, some suggestions are given on how to improve that competitiveness. __________ Translated from Shijie Jingji 世界经济 (Journal of World Economy), 2006(5): 12–21     

国际垂直专业化对发展中国家的影响与启示

二战以后,在国际垂直专业化迅速发展的过程中,发展中国家越来越多地被卷入全球化生产的链条。作者应用相关理论模型,分析了国际垂直专业化对发展中国家国际分工、收入分配以及技术进步等方面的影响,并在此基础上就包括中国在内的发展中国家如何应对国际垂直专业化的发展趋势提出政策建议。     

Who produces for whom in the world economy?

Abstract For two decades, the share of trade in inputs, also called vertical trade, has been dramatically increasing. In reallocating trade flows to their original input‐producing industries and countries, this paper suggests a new measure of international trade: ‘value‐added trade’ and makes it possible to answer the question ‘who produces for whom?’ In 2004, 27% of international trade was vertical trade. The industrial and geographic patterns of value‐added trade are very different from those of standard trade. Value‐added trade is relatively less important in regional trade but the difference is not more important for Asia than for America.     

Microeconomic analysis on the growth of trade volume in China: 1978–2007

The gravity equation is usually employed by researchers in the field of international trade to explain the growth of a country’s imports and exports volume, especially the manufactured goods. But in China, variables in the model, such as exchange rate, tariff, transportation cost, and spatial distance etc., are not sufficient to explain the riddle of China’s growth in trade volume. In fact, this growth in China’s trade volume is owing to the disintegration of production in the process of economic globalization, to the multinational corporations’ (MNC) vertical outsourcing of their manufacturing processes and procedures, and to the timely readjustment of Chinese enterprises on their strategies of participating in the international intra-product specialization. In this paper we establish an equilibrium model of intra-product specialization dominated by MNCs, and do some empirical tests on the growth in trade volume in China by using the variables including technological conditions of trade, similarity of economies, policy conditions of trade, disintegration of production and level of per capita capital equipment. The empirical results support our basic judgments.     

国际垂直专业化对中国环境效率的影响

理论上,发达国家跨国公司主导下的国际垂直专业化通过工序配置和价值分配对发展中国家的环境技术进步及其技术效率产生负面影响,从而导致后者环境效率的恶化。本文基于我国省级和行业面板数据模型的检验表明,国际垂直专业化对中国环境技术进步和环境效率变化具有显著负作用。为提高环境效率,中国应改变在国际垂直专业化中被支配的地位,同时发达国家和国际组织应加强自身在环境技术扩散中的作用。     

基于地区因素的产品内国际分工发展实证

本文通过基于我国各省份同典型国家和地区之间的引力模型,从不同角度讨论了影响我国各地区产品内国际分工水平的相关因素,发现市场规模大小、要素禀赋差异和地理因素均对产品内国际分工发展水平有显著影响,且这种影响因双边贸易规模差异、我国各省份发展差异以及关国家（地区）发展差异而有所不同。综合来看,重视影响因素的差异对促进我国各地区的产品内国际分工水平有重要意义。     

Vertical specialization in North–South trade: Industrial relocation,wage and welfare

This paper presents a North–South trade model with vertically linked industries and examines how declining costs of trade across stages of production encourage vertical specialization and affect wages and welfare. As trade costs fall below a threshold, the production of all final goods relocates to the South and vertical specialization emerges. In some industries, production of intermediate goods also relocates against comparative costs because of benefits of co‐location, and further declines in trade costs lead to reshoring. A country may temporarily lose from falling trade costs, but both countries can be better off after trade costs fall sufficiently.