Estimating A European Demand For Money

European Monetary Union will come into existence in 1999. This raises questions related to the monetary policy targets that will be adopted by the European Central Bank (ECB). For both likely candidates, targeting a money aggregate or an inflation target, the existence of a stable money demand function at a European level is important. In this paper estimates of such a European money demand for narrow and broad money for the actual 11 EMU countries based on quarterly aggregate data from 1964 to 1994 are presented. It is argued that statistically satisfactory and economically interpretable functions can be found. Moreover, the estimated models appear to be stable over a period of 20 quarters. This raises the hopes that the ECB will face a stable money demand and be able—at least for a certain time—to use past aggregate data for policy purposes.     

Financial Innovations And Demand For United States M1 And M2 Components

This paper investigates the effects OF THE Depository Institution Deregulation and Monetary Control Act of 1980 on the demand function of the United States M1, M2 and their components. The empirical tests are conducted using monthly data from January 1959 to June 1997 and the Johansen cointegration procedure. Results show that the stated monetary act of 1980 considerably affected the income and interest rate demand elasticities of both M1, M2 and their components. Results show a fall in the M1 interest rate elasticity indicating M1 as possibly a more effective monetary policy too after 1980. Results fail to show a stationary M2 demand function during the 1980s and 1990s after the 1980 monetary act. The rate of adjustment of the monetary variables towards the long-run equilibrium is also affected by the 1980 Act. [E41, E44]     

货币需求弹性决定因素的实证研究

文章从企业和家庭层面的货币需求异质性,对传统货币需求函数进行修正,分析货币需求收入弹性和利率弹性的决定因素。实证结果表明,产业结构和经济开放度不但直接影响货币需求规模,而且通过货币需求弹性间接影响货币需求的变化,产业结构主要对货币需求收入弹性显著影响,而经济开放度对货币需求收入弹性和利率弹性均有显著影响。产业结构升级将弱化对货币需求收入弹性的影响,而加剧对货币需求规模的影响。经济开放度对货币需求的影响将逐渐由正转负,并最终导致货币需求下降。     

New Technologies And The Demand For Heterogeneous Labor: Firm-Level Evidence For The German Business-Related Service Sector

This paper investigates the impact of modern information and communication technologies on the demand for heterogeneous labor. It starts with an interrelated factor demand system. The ‘desired’ level of employment which is needed in such models, is derived from a Generalized Leontief cost function with quasi-fixed factors. Firm-level, cross-sectional data taken from an innovation survey in the service sector are used in the empirical analysis. The model is estimated by a trivariate ordered probit model. Evidence in favor of skill-biased technological change in the fast-growing German business-related services sector is found. ‘Ibe paper suggests a new method of calculating skill-specific and firm-specific labor cost from information on total labor cost and the share of each skill group in total employment only.     

中国经济转型与货币需求

本文采用"从一般到特殊"的动态建模方法对中国经济转型过程中的货币需求函数进行了再估计,通过引入市场化进程相对指数作为衡量经济转型的制度变量考察货币需求、经济增长、通货膨胀、利率和经济转型之间的相互关系。结果发现,尽管1978—2007年间30年的改革开放使得中国的经济体制和金融体系发生了较大的转型,但通过引入适当的制度变量,仍然可以得到稳定的货币需求函数。本文建立的货币需求动态模型证实了经济体制的市场化转型无论长短期都是拉动货币需求增加的因素,通货膨胀是解释货币量的有效外生解释变量,短期内利率变量对实际货币需求影响不显著,但其确实显著地进入了长期货币需求关系。     

On Income Velocity of Money,Precautionary Money Demand and Growth

A stochastic growth model with money introduced via a cash-in-advance constraint is used to analyze the behavior of the income velocity of real monetary balances and money demand. Agents can purchase consumption goods only using government issued money. The cash-in-advance constraint may become nonbinding because of the uncertainty about the realization of the state of the economy. We find that the precautionary money demand may introduce significant changes into the volatility of the income velocity if it happens almost always. Its presence can also alter the relationship between the average growth rate of money supply and the average growth rate of the economy.     

中国货币需求研究

本文对中国货币需求的基本状况和特征进行分析,借鉴经典理论方法分析了货币需求的主要影响因素。在此基础上,构建货币需求函数,以1992~2006年统计数据为基础,运用实证方法得到货币需求与其影响因素的关系。实证研究结果揭示了货币需求除受收入影响外,还受通货膨胀率、风险资产价格影响。因此,要关注货币需求变化的长期趋势,提高货币政策预见性;积极推进利率市场化改革,提高货币政策有效性;货币政策决策应关注资产价格及新的制度因素等。     

中国股票市场对货币需求的影响

股票市场的快速发展使其正在成为影响我国货币需求和货币政策的重要因素,鉴于此,本文研究了我国股票市场发展对货币需求的影响,发现股市上涨在短期内会增加M1的需求和减少M2的需求,在长期会减少M1和M2两者的需求,股市冲击对M1需求的影响具有持续性,对M2需求的影响不具有持续性.研究建议中国人民银行应适度关注股市波动对货币需求与货币政策的冲击,尤其应预防经济陷入股市泡沫与高通货膨胀的恶性循环.     

基于多变量的中国货币需求函数实证分析

随着我国经济体制改革的逐步深化,建立货币需求模型的变量因子会逐渐发生变化.本文根据我国当代货币实际需求,选取变量因子建立货币需求模型,并对我国当代的货币需求进行实证分析.文章指出:(1)我国需要进一步疏通货币政策传导的渠道;(2)货币政策的操作应当逐步关注股票市场的影响;(3)小幅提高基准利率不能抑制我国经济过热现象;(4)央行维持物价相对稳定是扩大内需的必要条件.     

A Note on Modelling Money Demand in Growing Economies

A prominent feature of US data is the lack of cointegration between nominal interest rates and M1 velocity. Yet, most general‐equilibrium monetary models that have been used for empirical analysis have imposed cointegration between these two series. This paper presents as an alternative a money‐in‐the‐utility function model which does not imply cointegration even though a well‐defined stationary monetary equilibrium exists.     

通货膨胀和紧缩下货币需求函数的对比分析

如果价格粘性较弱，反周期的货币需求冲击能够起到稳定经济增长的作用；如果价格粘性较强，顺周期的货币需求冲击刺激经济增长的作用降低。因此，货币需求函数的性质将依赖经济周期的阶段性；我们使用协整关系模型估计了我国经济三个特殊发展阶段中的货币需求函数，发现在不同的价格变化区域内货币需求函数体现出比较显著的变化，这说明货币政策对于价格水平的变化产生了比较灵敏的反应，货币政策的长期目标仍然是保持价格稳定，刺激有效内需还应依靠积极财政政策等实际扩张政策。     

The Demand for Money in Canada: A Cointegration Analysis

In this Paper, using the techniques in cointegration theory, we find strong support for the existence of a long-run equilibrium relationship among money demand variables in Canada. Additionally, when the conventional partial adjustment model (PAM) is compared to the two-stage error correction model (ECM), the latter approach is found to perform better, with M2+ showing better results than M2. Our results are also found to be in line with other studies from the U.K. and the U.S.A. These findings provide rationale for further in-depth studies on broader monetary aggregates to formulate sound monetary policy in Canada. [E41]     

Estimation of Money Demand Function of South Korea Considering Regime Switching

The stability of money demand function is an important issue in macroeconomic policy implementation. Money demand of Korean economy was estimated. Cointegration test with time dummy variables results show that there is not only long-run equilibrium relationship between money demand and macroeconomic variables, but also structural breaks in this equilibrium relationships. Least squares, state-space, and Marcov switching methods show that there also has been instability （or regime shifts） of parameters in money demand, especially over 1997 crisis and the early 2000s. This fact implies that monetary policy for stabilization might encounter big problems due to change （instability） of money demand.     

Financial Deregulation and Stability of Money Demand: The Australian Case

This paper analyses the Australian economy in the post-war period. The analysis examines stationarity and cointegrating relationship among output, interest rate and money. The analysis shows that Australia has had a stable cointegrating relationship among output, interest rate and money during the post-war period although the country deregulated its financial sector in the 1980's. Australia's money demand function fails to reject the hypothesis that the interest elasticity of money demand is 0.5. In addition, one specification of the country's money demand function fails to reject the hypothesis that the income elasticity of money demand is unity. The specification is the Vector Error Correction Model that includes real output, real balances, an interest rate, and a deregulation dummy variable, with the lag length of three.     

On the Variable Money Demand Elasticity: The Case of Taiwan

This study attempts to examine the money-demand function for Taiwan by applying the BCEA model of Savin and White (1978). Major Findings are: (1) the conventional double-log form is inappropriate for Taiwan; (2) the income elasticity of money demand rose from 1.29 in 1969. 2 to 1.74 in 1988. 3, compared to a range of 0.6 to 0.8 estimated for the U.S.; and (3) the interest elasticity of money demand varied from ?0.25 ti ?0.62 during the same period. The author has also found that estimated income and interest elasticities of money demand for the U.S. varied widely during 1970-1987. [310]     

A Microcomputer Program That Simulates the Baumol-Tobin Transactions Demand for Money

The Baumol-Tobin approach for explaining the transactions demand for money has become standard in upper-division macroeconomic courses and is even used in many principles courses. This article describes a microcomputer program that permits students to learn the theory by experimenting with cash-management techniques. Suggestions are given for incorporating the technique into a course.     

Partial Ownership For The Public Firm And Competition

This paper investigates the issue of partial ownership (partial privatization) of a state-owned public enterprise. We elaborate on the framework of Matsumura (1998) by allowing for managerial inefficiency, and show that under moderate conditions partial ownership is a reasonable choice of government in a monopoly market as well as in a mixed duopoly market, where a public firm competes with a profit-maximizing private firm. We also provide some economic rationale on the result that neither full privatization nor full nation-alization is optimum.     

对生产价格规律的新理解

生产价格规律是价值规律的特殊表现形式 ,其存在的关键是利润平均化和平均利润的产生。在市场经济条件下 ,利润平均化和平均利润的产生是受限的。社会不能只考虑资本的要求 ,劳动者的利益也是需要考虑的。垄断和等价交换会限制生产价格规律的存在和作用。这是社会的进步 ,并非是不合理。