社会保障税、投资动机与海外投资

在中国国外投资流入量增速放缓的背景下,如何应对劳动力成本的快速增长造成的东道国优势下降是亟待研究的问题.本文使用134个国家2008—2018年11年的面板数据,采用双向固定效应模型,实证考察了企业社会保障税对海外直接投资的影响.研究结果表明,企业社会保障税率对外国直接投资产生负向影响;企业社会保障税对外国直接投资的负向影响受投资动机的调节作用影响,在生产要素获取动机、非自然资源获取动机与非技术获取动机国家样本中更为显著;企业社会保障税对外国直接投资的负向影响存在经济体和地域差异,在G20国家、亚洲、美洲及非洲国家样本中更为显著.基于实证研究结果,本文提出了基于企业社会保障税率的促进中国海外投资流入的相关政策建议.     

对外直接投资与国内产业空心化

本文针对一些西方学者关于美国、日本对外直接投资导致国内产业“空心化”的观点,提出了不同的见解。首先, 第一、第二产业比重下降, 第三产业比重上升是一国产业结构演进的一般规律, 与对外直接投资无关; 其次, 一国的对外直接投资规模巨大与贸易逆差并无直接联系; 第三, 对外直接投资增强了投资者的国际竞争力; 第四, 对外直接投资对一国的就业机会影响甚微。总之, 对外直接投资为投资国和对外直接投资者带来巨大利益, 而不会导致国内产业“空心化     

外商直接投资、技术溢出与相对工资差距

本文从技术溢出的角度考察了外商直接投资对相对工资差距的影响。FDI主要通过两种技术溢出渠道作用于相对工资差距：其一为FDI引致的进口贸易而产生的技术溢出,其二为外资企业在当地从事生产、经营活动而产生的技术溢出。基于我国省际面板数据的实证研究分析表明：FDI的两种技术溢出渠道均扩大了我国的相对工资差距,但存在区域差异。     

主权财富基金对外直接投资的选择

针对主权财富基金对外直接投资的选择问题,提出从行业和企业两个层面对值得入股的国内企业进行选择。首先论述了主权财富基金在对外直接投资时进行行业选择的思路,分析了我国主权财富基金对外直接投资的行业战略,进一步确定了行业组合的优先次序;然后针对所选行业中的国内上市公司,运用DEA模型对其进行了效率评价,最终确定主权财富基金的国内企业选择。     

外商直接投资与经济增长关系研究

选取1983～2010年的数据,运用协整检验和误差修正模型研究外商直接投资与经济增长之间的关系,研究表明:(1)1983～2010年两者之间没有明确的长期均衡关系,原因在于我国引进外资政策和外商直接投资规模的阶段性特征明显。(2)根据两个时间序列的图形特征及邹氏参数稳定性断点检验将整个样本期以1994年为界分为两个子样本,两个子样本期内两者之间存在长期协整关系,短期内当外商直接投资规模偏离经济增长时,经济系统将分别以-0.2908和-0.0263的力度将其拉回均衡状态。(3)格兰杰因果检验表明,FDI促进了经济增长,但经济增长对吸引更多外资的作用不显著。提出了改善外商投资环境、加强外资的产业与区域导向和拓宽引进外资的渠道等政策建议。     

出口平台型直接投资研究综述

出口平台型投资是经济全球化浪潮中出现的一种新型投资模式，区别于在东道国销售的水平型投资和返销母国的垂直型投资。出口平台型直接投资生产的产品主要面向第三国销售。由于传统的两国模型根本无法分析向第三国出口的出口平台型投资，该概念仅仅在最近几年才出现在经济学文献中。本文在总结现有出口平台型投资理论研究和实证研究成果的基础上，说明出口平台型投资对东道国外资流入和投资国贸易的基本影响。     

The Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment in the Business Services Industry

Abstract

This report aims to identify the determinant factors of FDI in the business services industry by examining 20 variables and their impacts on attracting foreign investment in 33 sample countries plus Hong Kong. The results of this study indicate that system-related factor conditions and demand conditions have a strong correlation to FDI. Among the variables under system-related factor conditions, four (bribery and corruption, transparency, intellectual property rights (IPR), and ease of doing business) greatly influence the amount of FDI in the business services industry. Among the variables under demand conditions, three (the cost of living index, office rent, and GDP) are key. At the same time, this paper concludes that the aforementioned factors influence not only the business services sector, but the manufacturing industry's FDI as well. Another main finding of this paper is that the FDI in the business services industry is more frequently found in more developed economies. For the market seeking and efficiency-seeking FDI, the quality of system-related factor conditions and the size of GDP are of particular importance for FDI in the business services industry.     

Pollution Control and Foreign Direct Investment in Mexico: An Industry-Level Analysis

Foreign direct investment (FDI) flows into developing countries have been increasing dramatically over the past decade. At the same time, there has been widespread concern that lax environmental standards are in part responsible for this surge. This paper revisits the question of the existence of a pollution haven effect by examining the extent to which the pollution intensity of production helps explain FDI in Mexico. We focus on pollution intensities, which are directly related to emission regulations, rather than unobservable pollution taxes and allow for substitution between capital and pollution. Examining several different pollutants, we find a positive correlation between FDI and pollution that is statistically and economically significant in the case of the highly regulated sulfur dioxide emissions. Industries for which the estimated relationship between FDI and pollution is positive receive up to 30% of total FDI and 30% of manufacturing output. Although we confirm the importance of Mexico’s comparative advantage in labor-intensive production processes, consistent with the previous literature, our results suggest that environmental considerations may matter as well for firms’ investment decisions.      

外商直接投资效果研究

外商直接投资作为国内资本不足的一个重要补充,其作用渠道是多维的,影响效果也是复杂的。选取外商直接投资影响到的国内生产总值、总固定投资、总收入及收入分配、国际收支、就业、通货膨胀、技术进步率7个指标,结合六五计划到十一五计划数据进行理论和经验论证,得出利用外商直接投资以第九个五年计划作为分界点,之前追求数量,之后追求利用质量,并且与7个指标存在较强的相关关系。     

中国对亚洲地区OFDI的动因——基于投资流向的对比分析

利用2003—2012年中国在亚洲地区的OFDI的面板数据,按投资流向分析中国在该地区OFDI的主要动因及其他因素的影响。研究发现:中国对亚洲地区发展中国家的顺向OFDI具有显著的市场寻求、自然资源寻求和效率寻求的动因,而创造性资产寻求的动因不显著;中国对亚洲地区发达国家的逆向OFDI具有显著的市场寻求和创造性资产寻求的动因,不具有显著的效率寻求和自然资源寻求的动因。     

Expectations and the Dynamic Feedback between Foreign Direct Investment and Economic Growth

This paper seeks to analyze the dynamic feedback between Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and economic growth – larger FDI promotes higher GDP, while higher GDP can be achieved with higher levels of FDI. We use panels and a sample of 19 Latin American countries to estimate a dynamic FDI and a dynamic GDP equation that jointly characterize the evolution of both variables. We find that the dynamics of GDP and FDI are mostly driven by the expectations. Shocks of GDP or FDI were found to play no role affecting the dynamics.     

中国农业利用外商直接投资的现状、问题及对策

分析了中国农业利用外商直接投资的现状及特点,并对中国农业利用外商直接投资偏小的原因作了进一步的考察。在此基础上,从宏观角度出发,提出了今后一段时间中国农业利用外商直接投资的政策建议。     

外商直接投资对浙江省内投资的挤入效应研究

本文建立了衡量挤入、挤出效应的计量模型，利用模型定量地讨论了外商直接投资（FDI）对浙江省国内投资的挤入、挤出效应，得到了外商直接投资对浙江省内投资存在挤入效应的结论，并分析了产生挤入效应的原因。     

Foreign Direct Investment and Enterprise Restructuring in Central Europe

Foreign direct investment is at the forefront of economic policy decisions in Central Europe, as it is expected to accelerate enterprise restructuring and aid in the successful transition to a market economy. This paper contains a panel data study of the effects of FDI in 11 different manufacturing sectors within three Central European economies: Hungary, Poland and the Czech Republic. We find evidence that FDI has increased labour productivity levels in most manufacturing sectors. We are able to differentiate between sectors with a high elasticity of substitution between labour and capital and those that are inelastic. We have also presented evidence to support the theory that the impact on labour productivity is predominantly due to the intangible assets introduced by foreign firms, rather than simply the fixed capital investment associated with FDI.     

雾霾污染对外商直接投资的影响研究

基于中国271个地级以上城市2007—2016年的PM_2.5浓度数据,实证分析了雾霾污染对外商直接投资的影响,创新性地使用年均降水量作为缓解雾霾污染内生性的工具变量,在2SLS的统一框架内估计雾霾污染对外商直接投资的影响。主要结论有:雾霾污染与外商直接投资之间存在正相关关系,地方政府进行大力的环境治理可以减少环境污染,能够缓解外商直接投资压力;2012—2016年间雾霾污染对外商直接投资的影响要显著高于2007—2011年间的,可以预见未来治霾能够更加有效地缓解外商直接投资压力;大中城市雾霾污染对于外商直接投资的影响要显著小于小城市,内陆城市对于雾霾污染治理的难度要大于沿海城市。政策启示在于,雾霾减排将不可避免地深刻影响地方政府的行为,雾霾减排可以缓解外商直接投资压力,地方政府应该积极地投入到环境治理之中,促进环境治理和地方经济增长良性循环。     

外商直接投资与中国技术进步的实证分析

在不同的阶段外商直接投资的作用是不同的。从1991—1994年的4年间,外商直接投资对中国技术进步的直接效应和间接效应都是不明显的。从1996—2003年的8年间,外商直接投资对中国经济增长做出了直接贡献,但外商直接投资所带来的技术进步而产生的技术外溢是有限的,因而外商直接投资的间接效应是不明显的。外商投资参与度对劳动生产率提高的影响越来越大,外商直接投资在劳动生产率提高中的作用越来越重要。     

Foreign Direct Investment and the Unionization Rate

Technological innovations improve the welfare of a country facing fixed terms of trade, but may lead to immiserization when the terms of terms of trade are adversely affected. This paper establishes that transport innovation can be immiserizing for a small country when the transport sector exhibits variable returns to scale. The release of resources from the transport sector triggers Rybczynski-like effects, and the resulting expansion (contraction) in the volume of trade and in the demand for transport services raises unit costs of these services, and may reduce welfare in the presence of decreasing (increasing) returns to scale. [411]     

Foreign Direct Investment,Merchandise and Services Trade in a Transition Economy: The Case of Cambodia

Since the liberalization of trade and investment in the 1990s, inward foreign direct investment (FDI) has been seen to play a greater role in forging trade flows, integration into the regional and international markets and economic development for a transition economy such as Cambodia. Despite her recent progress in attracting FDI and fostering trade, the direction of causality between inward FDI, exports and imports of merchandise as well as services has not been empirically explored. The findings show that inward FDI not only can promote both merchandise and services exports but also indicate the presence of backward and forward linkages, which could result in positive externalities. However, based on the impulse response analysis, it seems that merchandise exports are more vulnerable than services exports to an unanticipated shift in FDI inflows in the medium run.     

外商直接投资就业效应的省际分析

外商直接投资对东部、中部和西部地区的就业存在显著性的影响,但是三地区的影响是不同的,其中中部地区就业量对FDI最敏感,东部地区次之,西部地区最小。     

Strategic Environmental Policies in the Presence of Foreign Direct Investment

We analyze strategic environmental standards in the presence of foreign direct investment. A number of foreign firms located in a host country compete with a domestic firm in another country to export a homogeneous good to a third country. When the number of foreign firms is exogenous, the host country applies a stricter environmental regulation than the other producing country. However, under free entry and exit of foreign firms, the host country may apply a less severe standard under both non-cooperative and cooperative equilibrium. We also find that the nature market structure does not affect the equilibrium values of total pollution if export subsidies are also used.JEL Classification: F2, H2