外商直接投资就业效应的省际分析

外商直接投资对东部、中部和西部地区的就业存在显著性的影响,但是三地区的影响是不同的,其中中部地区就业量对FDI最敏感,东部地区次之,西部地区最小。     

Pollution Control and Foreign Direct Investment in Mexico: An Industry-Level Analysis

Foreign direct investment (FDI) flows into developing countries have been increasing dramatically over the past decade. At the same time, there has been widespread concern that lax environmental standards are in part responsible for this surge. This paper revisits the question of the existence of a pollution haven effect by examining the extent to which the pollution intensity of production helps explain FDI in Mexico. We focus on pollution intensities, which are directly related to emission regulations, rather than unobservable pollution taxes and allow for substitution between capital and pollution. Examining several different pollutants, we find a positive correlation between FDI and pollution that is statistically and economically significant in the case of the highly regulated sulfur dioxide emissions. Industries for which the estimated relationship between FDI and pollution is positive receive up to 30% of total FDI and 30% of manufacturing output. Although we confirm the importance of Mexico’s comparative advantage in labor-intensive production processes, consistent with the previous literature, our results suggest that environmental considerations may matter as well for firms’ investment decisions.      

我国外商直接投资地区分布影响因素研究——基于空间面板数据模型

外商直接投资(FDI)在我国空间分布的显著非均衡性引发了大量有关FDI区位选择的经验研究,但相关研究往往忽视了FDI的空间依赖性对其区域分布的影响.基于此,本文选取我国1990-2004年28个省区的数据资料,从地区固定效应和时间固定效应两方面对空间面板数据模型进行估计,考察FDI的空间相关性对我国FDI地区分布的影响.研究发现,空间面板数据模型对现实FDI地区分布的拟合效果更好、解释力更强;我国各省FDI的区位分布存在正向的空间相关性,相邻地区吸引外资的增加能够带动本地区吸引更多的外商投资.     

Externalities from foreign direct investment in the Mexican retailing sector

This contribution to the discussion on the impact of foreigndirect investment in developing countries is based on an empiricalstudy of the consequences of transnational corporations' presencein the Mexican retailing sector, particularly Wal-Mart. First,it is shown that the arrival of foreign firms accelerates themodernisation but has a negative impact on local firms' performanceas well as local worker remuneration as a result of the growingcompetitive pressure in the sector. Second, the changes thatoccurred in supply chain governance and the tremendous increaseof imports initiated by Wal-Mart are described, and some probableimplications for local suppliers are suggested.     

贸易顺差、资本流入与中国外汇储备规模增长

本文通过协整检验和Granger因果关系检验,对影响我国外汇储备规模快速增长的诸因素进行了实证分析。分析结果表明,（1）我国外汇储备规模与年出口额、外国证券投资、外商直接投资、外债还本付息额具有长期的稳定关系。（2）年出口规模与外汇储备规模之间具有单向因果关系,是造成外汇储备快速增长的主要原因。（3）外商直接投资、外国证券投资和外汇储备规模具有正向相关关系,其影响强度较弱;而外债还本付息额与外汇储备呈负向相关关系。（4）1986年～2009年间,贸易顺差对外汇储备规模增长的贡献度约为68%,而资本流入约为32%。本文基于实证分析结果认为,采取贸易项目收支平衡战略以减少外汇储备过度增长是最佳的选择。     

Do channels of financial integration matter for FDI’s impact on growth? Empirical evidence using a panel

This paper adds to the debate on the relationship between foreign direct investment (FDI) and economic growth which suggest that the link between FDI and economic growth is rather the consequence of both FDI and growth responding endogenously to economic integration. We investigate if the impact of FDI on growth is dependent on the channel of integration used to attract FDI. We use four different indexes of economic integration including Trade Openness, Chinn-Ito, and KOF and our newly constructed index of financial integration. We employ these four indexes to investigate the role played by economic integration in linking FDI and growth. We use a panel consisting of 134 developing countries and data spanning the period 1989-2017 estimated using the generalized method of moments (GMM) technique. The results show that FDI is an important determinant of growth. The results also suggest that at least some of the integration variables do matter and work as channels to attract FDI leading to growth. However, after stratifying countries by income level, we also find that integration matters mainly for high income countries. Integration variables for other income groups do not show much significance. These are interesting results and may have important policy implications.     

我国外商直接投资区位分布影响因素的实证分析

目前,我国已成为全球FDI最具吸引力的国家,但FDI在我国东部、中部和西部的分布极不均衡。通过采用动态面板计量模型对全国各省份的历史数据进行分析,分别建立全国、东部、中部及西部地区四个模型,全方位多角度地对影响我国外商直接投资区位分布的因素进行实证研究,并分析了目前我国利用外商直接投资所存在的问题,提出了相应的政策建议,力图为制定科学地利用外资战略提供理论支持与政策指导。     

技术能力对中国对外直接投资规模的影响

利用中国31个省、市、自治区2003-2005年的面板数据,分别对技术能力与全国及东、中、西部地区的对外直接投资规模之间的关系进行了实证分析。分析结果表明,我国区域对外投资规模呈现明显的梯度特征,即东部地区显著大于中部地区,而中部地区叉大于西部地区。技术能力对不同地区对外直接投资规模的影响截然不同,并且不同的技术能力要素对同一地区的对外直接投资规模的影响也不尽相同。东部地区对外投资规模的决定因素主要是科技经费支出额;而技术能力的各个要素对中部地区的对外投资规模无显著影响;在西部地区,科技经费支出额、科技人员数及专利申请数都会影响其对外投资规模。因此,不同地区应制定差别化的科技政策目标及实施手段以促进各自的对外投资。     

Foreign Direct Investment and Enterprise Restructuring in Central Europe

Foreign direct investment is at the forefront of economic policy decisions in Central Europe, as it is expected to accelerate enterprise restructuring and aid in the successful transition to a market economy. This paper contains a panel data study of the effects of FDI in 11 different manufacturing sectors within three Central European economies: Hungary, Poland and the Czech Republic. We find evidence that FDI has increased labour productivity levels in most manufacturing sectors. We are able to differentiate between sectors with a high elasticity of substitution between labour and capital and those that are inelastic. We have also presented evidence to support the theory that the impact on labour productivity is predominantly due to the intangible assets introduced by foreign firms, rather than simply the fixed capital investment associated with FDI.     

Where enterprises lead, people follow? Links between migration and FDI in Germany

Standard neoclassical models of economic integration are based on the assumptions that capital and labor are substitutes and that the geography of factor market integration does not matter. Yet, these two assumptions are violated if agglomeration forces among factors from specific source countries are at work. Agglomeration implies that factors behave as complements and that the country of origin matters. This paper analyzes agglomeration between capital and labor empirically. We use state-level German data to answer the question whether and how migration and foreign direct investment (FDI) are linked. Stocks of inward FDI and of immigrants have similar determinants, and the geography of factor market integration matters. There are higher stocks of inward FDI in German states hosting a large foreign population from the same country of origin. This agglomeration effect is confined to higher-income source countries.     

出口平台型直接投资研究综述

出口平台型投资是经济全球化浪潮中出现的一种新型投资模式，区别于在东道国销售的水平型投资和返销母国的垂直型投资。出口平台型直接投资生产的产品主要面向第三国销售。由于传统的两国模型根本无法分析向第三国出口的出口平台型投资，该概念仅仅在最近几年才出现在经济学文献中。本文在总结现有出口平台型投资理论研究和实证研究成果的基础上，说明出口平台型投资对东道国外资流入和投资国贸易的基本影响。     

FDI视角的环境库兹涅茨假说检验——基于中国中部八省的面板数据

环境库兹涅茨假说认为环境污染指标先随收入的提高而增加,而后随收入的提高而下降。本文利用1985-2008年中国中部八省大气污染、污水和固体废弃物（＂三废＂）等环境质量指标的面板数据,从FDI的视角对中国中部经济发展与环境污染关系进行了库兹涅茨假说检验。结果显示,中国中部八省没有严格意义上的倒U型环境库兹涅茨曲线,FDI对中部各省环境的影响存在差异,数据回归结果也没有支持污染天堂假说。     

外商直接投资对我国区域自主创新的影响——以福建省为例

作者使用1998至2005年福建省不同来源地FDI的面板数据,研究外商直接投资对我国区域自主创新的影响:(1)外商直接投资对我国区域自主创新总体上具有明显的促进作用;(2)相对于西方国家直接投资而言,海外华商直接投资对我国区域自主创新的影响更为明显和强烈;(3)我国区域自主创新能力的提高,目前主要通过增加研发资金投入和人力资本投入的直接影响实现的,而通过基础设施建设、人才流动与培养等间接影响实现的效果还很不明显;(4)在研发资金投入和人力资本投入中,资金投入对区域自主创新的正向溢出效应比较显著且稳定。为提高外商直接投资对我国区域自主创新的正向影响,有必要进一步调整和完善现行FDI政策。     

Corruption and cross-border investment by multinational firms

Motivated by previous studies on the effect of corruption on foreign direct investment, we examine the impact of a distance measure of corruption between host and source countries on cross-border direct investment and find that corruption distance deters cross-border investment. The evidence indicates that corruption distance is not as serious a deterrent of outward direct investment from more-corrupt countries as it is from less-corrupt countries. We conclude that multinational firms with the capacity to engage in bribery can disregard this activity in transparent environments, whereas multinational firms accustomed to operating in transparent environments find it difficult to overcome the administrative complexities in corrupt environments. Journal of Comparative Economics 34 (4) (2006) 839–856.     

Expropriation risk and FDI in developing countries: Does return of capital dominate return on capital?

Previously reported effects of institutional quality and political risks on foreign direct investment (FDI) are mixed and, therefore, difficult to interpret. We present empirical evidence suggesting a relatively clear, statistically robust, and intuitive characterization. Institutional factors that affect the likelihood of an abrupt and total loss of foreigners’ capital (i.e., return of capital) dominate factors that affect rates of return conditional on a strictly positive terminal investment value (i.e., return on capital). The evidence is consistent with the hypothesis that expropriation risk is most important among the available measures of different dimensions of institutional quality. A one-standard-deviation reduction in expropriation risk is associated with a 72% increase in FDI, which is substantially larger than the effects of any other dimensions of institutional quality as simultaneously estimated in our empirical models of expected FDI inflows. We show that this evidence is consistent with the predictions of a standard theory of FDI under imperfect contract enforcement and multiple dimensions of political risk.