基于技术存在形式的技术垄断研究

界定了技术垄断的概念并区分了市场垄断和技术产权。以技术存在形式视角分析了技术垄断的形成和结构,以及技术垄断的外在表现,并研究了在市场经济体制下影响技术市场垄断程度的因素。提出了技术的市场垄断程度的评价体系和计算方法,并将市场中技术垄断组织作为一个系统,分析技术创新投入和技术市场垄断程度之间的关系。分析了技术垄断的周期,并从中得出了技术垄断竞争力的构成,推出产业技术联盟的技术垄断竞争力内涵。     

策略性产品投放市场研究方法

This paper proposes a method to analyze how the manufacturers make product launch decisions in a multi-product oligopoly market, and how the heterogeneity in their products affects the manufacturers’ decisions on model launch and withdrawal.      

新产品开发团队的异质性知识构成与学习机制

知识分工与合作是继劳动分工与合作之后适应知识经济时代要求的一个研究论题。开发团队在多样化成员的合作共事与外联中可以形成知识探索与知识利用\"两能\"的状态。团队成员之间长期的互动和企业整体的价值观取向共同影响着公平、互惠的合作规范的形成。信息技术平台有利于降低知识共享的障碍,扩大知识共享的范围,支持经理作为辅助研发人员的设置,使不同知识主体之间的知识共享具有更多样的方式。     

On the scope of indirect regulation of monopolies in the presence of large entry cost

This paper reexamines the ingenious regulation scheme put forward by Burnovsky and Zang (1991), that features a regulator who promises to subsidize entry into a market, which exhibits properties of a natural monopoly. If the subsidy promise is sufficiently high, the monopolist is led to increase output and lower price at no cost of regulation. The assumption that the monopolist always honors his pre-entry commitment has been shown to be crucial for the results obtained. This motivated our inquiry into the scope of costless indirect regulation in situations in which the incumbent's commitment cannot be inforced. It then turns out that no commitment on behalf of the incumbent can be credible that deters entry by choosing an output (capacity) at a level in excess of the monopoly output after successful entry deterrence. This represents an additional constraint for the regulator's behavior.I like to thank Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft and the Economics Department at Boston University for generous support.     

The Exploitation of Sports Market Forces： Case Study of American Professional Franchises

Three market forces play into the hands of American professional sports franchises, which are leagues, cities and monopoly power. In consideration of the American professional franchises, this paper studies how teams exploit the three market forces and achieve the optimal revenue.     

Wealth Distribution and Imperfect Factor Markets: A Classroom Experiment

The author presents a simple exercise to demonstrate how initial property distribution can affect final wealth patterns in developing areas of the world. The simulation is a variant of the Monopoly board game in which students role play different members of a market in which they each face different rules of credit access and salary patterns. The property distribution and new mortgage rules reflect the reality of many developing areas. The simulation can be completed in one full class period and has proven successful in making students more sensitive to wealth distribution issues. Students have suggested several variations of this simulation to make it applicable across more settings.     

价格歧视战略与福利效应分析

在完全竞争市场条件下 ,竞争均衡可实现帕累托最优效率。垄断市场一般很难提供价格等于边际成本的产量水平 ,其产量与价格选择对社会来说不是最优的。垄断厂商以内生范畴和外生范畴为基础对消费者进行分类 ,使得价格歧视成为一种可行战略。由于定价策略存在差异 ,不同类型的价格歧视便具有不同的福利效应。     

Price Competition and Consumer Externalities in a Vertically Differentiated Duopoly with Information Disparities

In this paper, we extend the model of vertical product differentiation to consider information disparities about quality differences and their effects on price competition. If uninformed consumers overestimate vertical differentiation, asymmetric information is a source of market power and informed consumers exert positive externalities on high quality product purchasers and negative externalities on low quality product purchasers. Such a result is consistent with the fact that information undermines brand. If uninformed consumers are skeptical, adverse selection issues arise and market demands may be perfectly inelastic to prices. With elastic demands equilibrium prices may be either distorted downwards or reflect real quality if the share of informed consumers is suffciently high. Therefore, with skeptical consumers firms may want either to signal quality or subsidize information provision.     

Including vulnerable groups in financial services: insights from consumer satisfaction

The crisis brought into relief problems within the financial sector which seriously affected consumer trust. This paper provides new evidence on the experiences of two socio-economic groups associated with potential vulnerability – the less educated and the elderly – with financial service markets across Europe. We find that the less educated and the elderly are less satisfied and experience greater difficulties than other consumers as regards complaining, comparing offers, or switching, in the mortgage, and investment product and bank account markets, respectively. This evidence is of use to policy-makers seeking ways of improving financial regulation from a consumer perspective.     

Environmental Product Differentiation and Environmental Awareness

In this paper, we have considered a duopolistic model of environmental product differentiation with two types of consumers (green and brown) to analyze how environmental awareness affects the environment. “Green” consumers value the physical and environmental attributes of the good they purchase while “brown” consumers only value the physical attributes. We find that more environmental awareness may not be good news for the environment as the firm that produces the good without environmental attributes may increase its sales. The result depends on the degree of product differentiation and the cost to achieve it. Social welfare can also be inversely related to environmental awareness if the negative environmental effect dominates the positive market effect.      

Bounding consumer surplus by monopoly profits

Regulatory agencies and other public authorities in the United States frequently require private firms seeking regulatory approvals to enter geographic markets, or offer products, that they would not otherwise provide. Examples include “build-out” rules for cable television franchisees, and universal service or “common carrier” obligations. The social welfare consequences of such policies are often difficult to evaluate because, among other things, consumer surpluses generated by entry must be assessed. This article shows that the level of (variable) monopoly profits in the markets of interest can be used to place an upper bound on the associated consumer surplus whenever demand vanishes at a sufficiently high price. This result, which is new, can then be used to evaluate the social consequences of forced entry. Our methods can also be used to provide a bound on the change in consumer surplus resulting from the imposition of regulated prices on an existing monopoly.      

The value of buyer's ignorance in monopoly

A non-linear pricing monopolist always prefers to sell to buyers with no private information about their tastes for the product if the marginal production cost is smaller than the marginal utility of consumption for all buyers.     

我国房地产市场垄断程度研究--勒纳指数的测算

房地产市场的一个重要性质就是竞争的不完全性和垄断力量的存在.勒纳指数是衡量市场垄断程度的一个重要的指标.本文分别针对我国和各省(市、区)的面板数据、各年截面数据以及我国和各省(市、区)的时间序列数据等样本,对房地产市场的勒纳指数(即市场的垄断程度)进行了测算.结果表明,我国房地产市场的垄断程度相当严重;虽然随着市场经济进程的深入和经济的发展,房地产市场的竞争状况逐渐好转,但这一过程非常缓慢;为了确保房地产市场的长期健康发展和居民福利的提高,今后政府应将促进房地产市场竞争作一项基本的方针政策.     

Competition and monopoly of Chinese rural groundwater market：structure and determinants

China is facing severe problem of water scarcity.Agricultural sector,the main consumer of water resource,has remarkably changed its institutions on water resource deployment,due to heavy environmental pressure.As a new and spontaneous institution,groundwater market has developed rapidly in northern China,and has impacts on waterusing behaviors and benefits of farmers.Using household survey data from Hebei and Henan in 2007,this paper attempts to pin down the development and operating of groundwater market in rural China.We focus on the monopoly and competition in the market.Empirical analysis reveals that Chinese farmers are trying to make rational decision when they compete with others in groundwater market.In general,monopoly is not fierce in Chinese rural groundwater market,with great variations among different villages and even different tubewells within one village.Tubewell costs,regulation and the density of tubewells are the main determinants that affect monopoly level of groundwater market.To make water market benefit more and more farmers of low income,corresponding policies are needed to modify its development in the future.     

国外自然垄断行业政府监管机制研究述评

由于技术进步、市场规模及范围的变化,自然垄断的合理性及其边界是动态变化的。相应地,政府监管理论及其实践中的监管机制、体制和制度也一直在不断调适。由于监管体制与制度在一定时期内具有相对稳定的性质,监管机制设计就显得特别重要。在主要市场经济国家,自然垄断行业政府监管理论及其监管机制研究十分活跃,呈现出特定领域处理政府与市场关系问题的新动向、新思考,对我国建立健全自然垄断行业政府监管机制具有一定的理论意义和政策参考价值。     

How barriers to international trade affect TFP

We ask how barriers to international trade affect TFP when there are monopoly rights in the import-competing industries. Holmes and Schmitz [1995. Resistance to new technology and trade between areas. Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Quarterly Review 19, 2–17] show that without barriers to trade TFP in these industries is as large as possible. We study the general case of finite barriers to trade. We find that binding quotas lead to the use of inefficient technology in the import-competing industries. In addition, finite quotas or tariffs imply that the import-competing industries produce larger than efficient quantities, if they produce at all. For both of these reasons, barriers to international trade reduce TFP.