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1.
Our overview has the objective of making our study relevant to bioeconomists. The need for the ‘alternatives’ to the Synthetic
Theory of Evolution in social-economic studies was substantiated, for example, by Colombatto (Journal of Bioeconomics, 5, 1–25, 2003), who maintains that the natural-selection theory is ‘ill suited’ to describing evolutionary processes in
economics. He proposed an alternative ‘non-Darwinian’ approach by equating the ‘non-Darwinian’ approach with a definite version
of neo-Lamarckism. Yet, as we will show, there is a palette of alternative approaches within and beyond the neo-Lamarckism.
We hope to give bioeconomists more choice in their theoretical modeling and constructing of analogies between biology and
economics. It will also be shown that in the light of suggested definitions the concept of ‘universal Darwinism’ recently
discussed in bioeconomics makes little sense as a generalizing category. In addition, in the concluding part of the paper
we demonstrate that the majority of alternative approaches are far from being pigeonholed as archaic and once and for all
wiped off the theoretical landscape. On the contrary, in recent years one can observe some revival of interest in the theoretical
‘heresies’.
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2.
How useful is generalized Darwinism as a framework to study competition and industrial evolution? 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
Guido Buenstorf 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2006,16(5):511-527
The role of Darwinist concepts in evolutionary economics has long been a contentious issue. The controversy has recently been rekindled by the proposal of a “Universal” or “generalized” Darwinism, which holds that the ontology of all evolutionary systems accords to the Darwinist scheme of variation, selection and inheritance. This paper focuses on the application of the generalized Darwinist framework to the analysis of markets and industries. It argues that selection and inheritance concepts narrowly construed after the biological example are of limited usefulness. As an alternative to the ‘top–down’ approach of Universal Darwinism, the development of ‘bottom–up’ theories is advocated.
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Guido BuenstorfEmail: |
3.
It has been suggested that, by generalizing Darwinian principles, a common foundation can be derived for all scientific disciplines
dealing with evolutionary processes, especially for evolutionary economics. We show, however, that in the development of evolutionary
biology, the abstract principles of so-called “Generalized Darwinism” have not been crucial for distinguishing Darwinian from
non-Darwinian approaches and, hence, cannot be considered genuinely Darwinian. Moreover, we wonder what can be gained by invoking
the abstract principles of Generalized Darwinism given that they do not suffice to substantiate an explanation of actual evolutionary
processes. To that end, specific hypotheses are required. They neither follow from the suggested abstract principles, nor
are they more easily found on that basis. Accordingly, we find little evidence in the literature for the claim that generalized
Darwinian principles enhance the explanatory power of an evolutionary approach to economics. 相似文献
4.
Schumpeter and the revival of evolutionary economics: an appraisal of the literature 总被引:5,自引:1,他引:4
Jan Fagerberg 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2003,13(2):125-159
During the last two decades we have seen a revival of interest in the works of Joseph Schumpeter and “evolutionary” ideas
in economics more generally. A professional society honouring Schumpeter's name has been founded, and linked to it we have
had for more than fifteen years now a professional journal devoted to this stream of thought. However, it has been argued
that, despite these developments, the link between Schumpeter's own work and the more recent contributions to evolutionary
economics is in fact rather weak. This paper considers this claim. Based on an analysis of Schumpeter's contribution to economics
the paper presents an overview and assessment of the more recent literature in this area. It is argued that although there
are important differences between Schumpeter's work and some of the more recent contributions, there nevertheless remains
a strong common core that clearly distinguishes the evolutionary stream from other approaches (such as, for instance, so-called
“new growth theory”).
RID="*"
ID="*" Many people have contributed to this paper in various ways. Jon Hekland at the Norwegian Research Council started it
all by asking me to make an overview of the contribution from “evolutionary economics” to our understanding of contemporary
economies. Several people helped me on the way by supplying written material, comments and suggestions, and I am indebted
to all of them. Brian Arthur, Stan Metcalfe, Keith Pavitt, Erik Reinert, Paolo Saviotti and Bart Verspagen may be particularly
mentioned. A preliminary version was presented at the conference “Industrial R&D and Innovation Policy Learning – Evolutionary
Perspectives and New Methods for Impact Assessment” organised by the Norwegian Research Council (“SAKI”) at Leangkollen, Asker,
April 18–19.2002. I wish to thank the discussant, Tor Jakob Klette, and the participants at the conference for useful feedback.
Moreover I have benefited from comments and suggestions from the editors and referees of this journal. The final responsibility
is mine, however. Economic support from the Norwegian Research Council (“SAKI”) is gratefully acknowledged. 相似文献
5.
John Foster 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2000,10(3):311-328
Post-Schumpeterians have tended to use biological analogies to understand economic evolution, in contrast to Schumpeter himself.
In this paper it is argued that the biological analogies used tend to be outdated and that Schumpeter espoused an intuitive
understanding of the evolutionary economic process that is closely related to modern conceptions of self-organisation, suitably
adapted for application in socioeconomic systems. Using a self-organisation approach, competition can be understood without
recourse to biological analogy, in terms of general systemic principles that operate in the presence of variety. Viewing economic
evolution in terms of complex adaptation in self-organising systems yields nonequilibrium and nonlinear perspectives that
parallel Schumpeter's own intuitions, reinvigorating them as the basis of evolutionary economic thinking in the new Millennium. 相似文献
6.
Knowledge and markets 总被引:6,自引:3,他引:3
Jason Potts 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2001,11(4):413-431
An economy is a coordinated system of distributed knowledge. Economic evolution occurs as knowledge grows and the structure
of the system changes. This paper is about the role of markets in this process. Traditionally, the theory of markets has not
been a central feature of evolutionary economics. This seems to be due to the orthodox view of markets as information-processing
mechanisms for finding equilibria. But in economic evolution markets are actually knowledge-structuring mechanisms. What then
is the relation between knowledge, information, markets and mechanisms? I argue that an evolutionary theory of markets, in
the manner of Loasby (1999), requires a clear formulation of these relations. I suggest that a conception of knowledge and
markets in terms of a graphical theory of complex systems furnishes precisely this. 相似文献
7.
A resource-based view of Schumpeterian economic dynamics 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
John A. Mathews 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2002,12(1-2):29-54
This paper seeks to offer a theoretical platform where the modern “resource-based view” of the firm might meet with evolutionary
economics and the study of entrepreneurship, and with the economics of industrial organization. It does so by proposing the
concept of the “resource economy” within which productive resources are produced and exchanged between firms. This is presented
as the dual of the mainstream goods and services economy – where the “resource economy” captures the dynamic capital structure
of the economy. The paper is concerned to bring out the distinctive principles governing resource dynamics in the resource
economy, capturing competitive dynamics in such categories as resource creation, replication, propagation, exchange and leverage;
evolutionary dynamics in terms of resource variation, selection and retention; entrepreneurial dynamics in terms of resource
recombination and resource imitation, transfer and substitution; and industrial organizational dynamics in terms of resource
configuration, resource complementarities and resource trajectories. 相似文献
8.
The process and a simple logic of ‘meso’. Emergence and the co-evolution of institutions and group size 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
Wolfram Elsner 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2010,20(3):445-477
‘Summing-up’ aggregation of micro decisions contrasts with structural emergence in complex systems and evolutionary processes.
This paper deals with institutional emergence in the ‘evolution of cooperation’ framework and focuses on its size dimension.
It is argued that some ‘meso’ (rather than ‘macro’) level is the proper level of cultural emergence and reproduction. Also
Schumpeterian economists have discussed institutions as ‘meso’ phenomena recently, and Schelling, Axelrod, Arthur, Lindgren,
and others have dealt with ‘critical masses’ of coordinated agents and emergent segregations. However, emergent group size
has rarely been explicitly explored so far. In an evolutionary and game-theoretic frame, ‘meso’ is explained in terms of a
sustainably cooperating group smaller than the whole population. Mechanisms such as some monitoring, memory, reputation, and
active partner selection loosen the total connectivity of the static and deterministic ‘single-shot’ logic and thus allow
for emergent ‘meso’ platforms, while expectations ‘to meet again’ remain sufficiently high. Applications of ‘meso-nomia’ include
the deep structure of ‘general trust’ and macro-performance in ‘smaller’ and ‘well networked’ countries which helps to explain
persistent ‘varieties of capitalism’. 相似文献
9.
Synopsis This paper is the product of a collaboration between a biologist (Ghiselin 1997) who works on the philosophy of classification
and an economist (Landa 1981, 1994) who works on the ‘Economics of Identity’: how and why people classify people based on
identity in the context of a theory of ethnic trading networks. In developing the ‘bioeconomics’ (the synthesis of economics
with biology) of classification, we crossed a number of disciplinary boundaries—anthropology, economics, sociology, biology,
and cognitive psychology including evolutionary psychology’s ‘fast and frugal’ heuristics. Using a bioeconomics approach,
we argue that folk classifications—the classifications used by ordinary persons—have much in common with scientific classifications:
underlying both is the need for economy of information processing in the brain, for the efficient organization of knowledge,
and for efficiency of information acquisition and transmission of information to others. Both evolve as a result of trial
and error, but in science there is relatively more foresight, understanding, and planning. 相似文献
10.
Morris Teubal 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2002,12(1-2):233-257
Despite recent advances in the Evolutionary and Systems Perspectives to Economic Change (SI), confusion still exists about
how to apply it to the design and implementation of Innovation & Technology Policy (ITP) in concrete settings. Since the ‘Normative’
aspects of SI are framed in terms so general to make them insufficient or inadequate as guides and tools for actual policymaking,
a presumption exists that additional theoretical and conceptual knowledge is required. Thus a major objective of this paper is to contribute to the development of a realistic and ‘grounded’ theoretical
framework for Technology and Innovation Policy which is particularly relevant both for the promotion of Business Sector R&D
and of hi tech (especially IT) industries in Top Tier and other Industrializing Economies. A second objective is to contribute
directly to the capability of successfully applying this conceptual framework in concrete policy settings. Rather than justifying
ITP the paper focuses on characterising and applying “Salient Normative Principles or Themes” of the SI perspective to ITP. Several concrete examples are given and the notions of Policy Process,
(Country) Program Portfolio Profile and Policy Environment are introduced. 相似文献
11.
Evolutionary macroeconomics: a research agenda 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
John Foster 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2011,21(1):5-28
In this article, the goal is to offer a new research agenda for evolutionary macroeconomics. The article commences with a
broad review of the main ideas in the history of thought concerning the determinants of economic growth and an introduction
to the evolutionary perspective. This is followed by a selective review of recent evolutionary approaches to macroeconomics.
These approaches are found to be somewhat disconnected. It is argued that the ‘micro-meso-macro’ approach to economic evolution
is capable of resolving this problem by offering an analytical framework in which macroeconomics can be built upon ‘meso-foundations’,
not micro-foundations, as asserted in the mainstream. It is also stressed that the economic system and its components are
complex adaptive systems and that this complexity must not be assumed away through the imposition of simplistic assumptions
made for analytical convenience. It is explained that complex economic systems are, at base, energetic in character but differ
from biological complex systems in the way that they collect, store and apply knowledge. It is argued that a focus upon stocks
and flows of energy and knowledge in complex economic systems can yield an appropriate analytical framework for macroeconomics.
It is explained how such a framework can be connected with key insights of both Schumpeter and Keynes that have been eliminated
in modern macroeconomics. A macroeconomic framework that cannot be operationalized empirically is of limited usefulness so,
in the last part of the article, an appropriate methodology for evolutionary macroeconomics is discussed. 相似文献
12.
Alexander Ebner 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2000,10(3):355-372
This essay addresses the historical and institutional aspects of Schumpeter's thought. It suggests that Schumpeter prepared
a pluralist research agenda, formulated in accordance with the conceptual perspective of the German Historical School, as
presented by major scholars such as Schmoller, Sombart, Spiethoff and Max Weber. Schumpeter's notion of development, with
its emphasis on the correspondence of economic and socio-cultural evolution, is therefore to be viewed in the context of the
comprehensive Schmollerian approach. Moreover the ethical-evolutionary components of Schmoller's ideas point at the vital
role of the German Historical School in the elaboration of a modern evolutionary economics in Schumpeterian terms. The essay
concludes that the Schmollerprogramm is going to inspire further developments in Schumpeterian economics, as the integration of theory and history continuously
marks the research agenda of evolutionary approaches to economic development. 相似文献
13.
Abstract. Enrollment rates to higher education reveal a quite large variation over time which cannot be explained by productivity shocks
alone. We develop a human capital investment model in an overlapping generations framework that features endogenous fluctuations
in the demand for education. Agents are heterogeneous in their beliefs about future wage differentials. An evolutionary competition
between the heterogeneous beliefs determines the fraction of the newborn generation having a certain belief. Costly access
to information on the returns to education induces agents to use potentially destabilizing backward looking prediction rules.
Only if previous generations experience regret about their human capital investment decisions, will agents choose a more sophisticated
prediction rule that dampens the cycle. Access to information becomes key for stable flows to higher education.
RID="*"
ID="*"We would like to thank Cars Hommes, Florian Wagener, seminar participants at the University of Amsterdam, participants
of the workshop on ‘Skill Needs and Labor Market Dynamics’ at the Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung (WZB) for
helpful discussions, and an editor of this Journal and three anonymous referees for their comments. Tuinstra's research is
supported by the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO) under a MaG-Pionier grant. Neugart acknowledges financial
support from the German Ministry of Education. Parts of the research were done while Tuinstra was visiting the WZB and when
Neugart was visiting CeNDEF.
Correspondence to: The research for this paper was done while the first author was affiliated with the Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung. 相似文献
14.
Jean-Pierre Aubin 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2003,13(2):95-124
Socio-economic networks, neural networks and genetic networks describe collective phenomena through constraints relating
actions of several actors, coalitions of these actors and multilinear connectionist operators acting on the set of actions
of each coalition. We provide a class of control systems governing the evolution of actions, coalitions and multilinear connectionist
operators under which the architecture of the network remains viable. The controls are the “viability multipliers” of the
“resource space” in which the constraints are defined. They are involved as “tensor products” of the actions of the coalitions
and the viability multiplier, allowing us to encapsulate in this dynamical and multilinear framework the concept of Hebbian
learning rules in neural networks in the form of “multi-Hebbian” dynamics in the evolution of connectionist operators. They
are also involved in the evolution of coalitions through the “cost” of the constraints under the viability multiplier regarded
as a price. 相似文献
15.
Michael Peneder 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2002,12(1-2):107-134
To make intangibles more ‘tangible’ for empirical analysis, statistical cluster techniques are applied in the development
of two new taxonomies of manufacturing industries. The first focuses on the distinction between exogenous, location dependent
comparative cost advantages, such as the relative abundance of capital or labour, and endogenously created firm specific advantages
resulting from intangible investments in marketing or innovation. The second taxonomy discriminates between industries according
to their employment of skilled labour. Finally, econometric tests are used to investigate the presumed complementarity between
intangible investments and human resources. 相似文献
16.
17.
This study measures the extent to which P2P file-sharing activities act as substitutes or complements to music purchases in
markets for CDs. The paper breaks with the mainstream economics approach which dominates the music file-sharing discussion.
Whereas such models assume relationships at the micro level (e.g. between file-sharing and purchases) based on observations made at the macro level,
our evolutionary economics approach measures the direct effects using micro data representative of the Canadian population. The behavioral incentives underpinning free music downloading,
novel to this paper, are the multiple effects of: ‘unwillingness to pay’ (market substitution), ‘hear before buying’ (market
creation), ‘not wanting to buy a whole album’ (market segmentation), and ‘not available in the CD format or on electronic
pay-sites’ (market creation). Although the two first mentioned incentives significantly influence CD album purchases—i.e.
there is a negative and significant market substitution effect and a positive and significant market creation effect—on the
whole, these two effects ‘cancel’ one another out, leading to no association between the number of P2P files downloaded and
CD album sales. 相似文献
18.
Birgitte Andersen 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》1999,9(4):487-526
Since the works by the business cycle theorists in the 1930s, no attempts have been made to study empirically the long term
evolution paths of individual technologies starting with long time series. This is an empirical exploration and confirmation
of the now almost assumed image or metaphor of the way technology develops; that it follows an S-shaped growth path which is commonly associated with a similar shaped diffusion function of entrepreneurial activity. The
paper also confirms the diversity of technology dynamics and explores how technological cycle takeoffs appear to be clustered
within certain historical epochs. The results have implications for our understanding of the evolution paths of individual
technologies, and of the evolution of technological systems and waves of innovation.
By use of computational statistics, logistic growth functions are fitted to US patent stocks, 1920–1990, at a detailed level
of aggregation, including chemical, electrical/electronic, mechanical, transport and non-industrial technologies. Some practical
considerations when developing an empirically testable model of innovation cycles are addressed in the paper as well. 相似文献
19.
Mikael Sandberg 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2007,17(1):1-23
Fundamental correspondence and analogies between the evolution of technological and biological innovations call for an ‘innovation
Darwinian’, ‘universal Darwinian’ or ‘memetic’ approach to understanding technology innovation. Neo-institutional, in fact
pseudo-Lamarckian evolutionary economic theory, represented by North, Nelson and Winter, Freeman and others, is criticized.
Pseudo-Lamarckian (“by volition”) evolution is explained and analyzed on Darwinian grounds (as intentional and artificial
selection), as is Schumpeter’s definitions of creative and imitative innovation. Data from a web survey among Swedish public
and private organizations in 1999 are studied. Data show that Darwinian co-evolutionary interaction between producers and
users or clients provide essential conditions and stronger influence on creative IT innovations than both ‘Lamarckian’ strategies
and competition.
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Mikael SandbergEmail: |
20.
Bioeconomics emphasizes the common ontological ground between economics and biology. However, this does not necessarily mean
that both disciplines collapse into one. Instead it is proposed here that Darwinism provides a general, meta-theoretical framework
for dealing with complex evolving systems, consisting of populations of varied and replicating entities, which are found in
both nature and human society. There is no alternative to the core Darwinian principles of variation, selection and inheritance
to explain the evolution of such systems. Neither the actual existence of human intentionality, nor the hypothetical existence
of Lamarckian processes of acquired character inheritance, offer a barrier to the use of Darwinian explanations. However,
while Darwinian principles are always necessary to explain complex evolving population systems, they are never sufficient
on their own. Such a generalized Darwinism can accommodate several different stances found in the literature on bioeconomics
and elsewhere.
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