关于Word软件操作中常见问题的分析与处理

在现代办公和教育教学中，Word软件都是必备办公软件之一，具有十分普遍的使用性。本文首先从自动功能、向导功能和帮助功能分析了Word软件的功能及特点，并在此基础上分别阐述了初学者和常用者在Word软件操作中常见的问题和处理方法，以强化用户对Word软件的有效使用。     

Unfolding intensity function of a Poisson process in models with approximately specified folding operator

Quasi-maximum likelihood histogram sieve estimators of the intensity function of an indirectly observed Poisson process are studied. The setup differs from the standard one in that the exact form of the folding operator may not be known. Instead, approximate knowledge on its discretized version is available. Conditions for strong L ²-consistency are given and admissible discretization rates are studied. In non-folding problems, the number of histogram bins may essentially increase at the usual maximal rate while folding reduces the allowed discretization rates. It is shown that, even in moderately ill-posed problems, the discretization effects may be critical for the strong L ²-convergence and that there is an essential need both for further regularization and for imposing stronger conditions on the estimated function. Not surprisingly, the most restrictive factor is the low approximation power of piecewise constant functions. A regularization method is proposed which suitably modifies the discrete approximation of the folding operator and ensures the strong consistency. Since no penalty term is being introduced, the EM algorithm can be used in its factorized, efficient form. Convergence rates are obtained in terms of the discrete problem. Received: July 1999     

Towards understanding the foundations of Deming's theory of management

W. Edwards Deming's management writings are used to deduce a set of axioms which can be viewed as the most basic assumptions or the foundation of his theory of management. These axioms are used to deduce some of the propositions that are the most important tenets of Deming's management theory. The relationship between Deming's familiar 14 points for management and the axioms and propositions are discussed. Issues that practicing managers need to address when implementing Deming's management philosophy are discussed.     

An empirical likelihood inference for the coefficient difference of a two-sample linear model with missing response data

In this paper, we use the empirical likelihood method to make inferences for the coefficient difference of a two-sample linear regression model with missing response data. The commonly used empirical likelihood ratio is not concave for this problem, so we append a natural and well-explained condition to the likelihood function and propose three types of restricted empirical likelihood ratios for constructing the confidence region of the parameter in question. It can be demonstrated that all three empirical likelihood ratios have, asymptotically, chi-squared distributions. Simulation studies are carried out to show the effectiveness of the proposed approaches in aspects of coverage probability and interval length. A real data set is analysed with our methods as an example.     

关键路径法在信息系统进度管理中的应用

进度管理是项目管理中一个重要的环节,关键路径方法是其中最常用的方法之一。本文结合实例重点介绍了当项目中每个活动的之前活动、所需时间和所需工作量都已经确定,那么关键路径法在进度管理中是如何应用的--包括如何找到关键路径以及怎样制定进度计划。     

Interpreting the skill score form of forecast performance metrics

Performance measures of point forecasts are expressed commonly as skill scores, in which the performance gain from using one forecasting system over another is expressed as a proportion of the gain achieved by forecasting that outcome perfectly. Increasingly, it is common to express scores of probabilistic forecasts in this form; however, this paper presents three criticisms of this approach. Firstly, initial condition uncertainty (which is outside the forecaster’s control) limits the capacity to improve a probabilistic forecast, and thus a ‘perfect’ score is often unattainable. Secondly, the skill score forms of the ignorance and Brier scores are biased. Finally, it is argued that the skill score form of scoring rules destroys the useful interpretation in terms of the relative skill levels of two forecasting systems. Indeed, it is often misleading, and useful information is lost when the skill score form is used in place of the original score.     

On the Comparison of Run Orders of Unreplicated 2<Superscript><Emphasis Type="Italic">k</Emphasis>–<Emphasis Type="Italic">p</Emphasis></Superscript> Designs in the Presence of a Time Trend

The response from a factorial experiment carried out in a time sequence may be affected by uncontrollable variables that are highly correlated with the time in which they occur. In such a situation, one possibility is to randomize the run order of the experiment. Another possibility is to use a systematic run order that is robust against time trends. Since randomized run orders make the time trend part of the error, it can be hoped that systematic run orders will be more effective to identify truly active factors. In this paper, a simulation study is used to compare the performances of the randomized and the systematic run orders. The response from an experiment where we have observed a strong time trend is used to demonstrate the influence of a realistic time trend on the run orders under consideration. The performance of the run orders is then measured by taking the probabilities of false rejection and the probabilities of detection of active contrasts. Our results show that the randomized run order managed to keep the nominal level, while the systematic did not. Additionally, when there were active factors, then the systematic run orders did not achieve more power than did the randomized run order.     

Sensitivity of the weighting summation decision method to incorrect application

The weighting summation decision method is commonly used and misused for multiobjective decisions. The formal requirements of this method are outlined and some of the kinds of errors that are commonly made in applying it are discussed. Monte Carlo simulation is used to assess the potential that five classes of errors have for causing incorrect decisions. An index is developed which quantifies the complexity of decision problems. The simulations demonstrate that complexity can be about twice as important to quality of decisions as are errors in applying the weighting summation.     

A feasibility study of stateful automaton packet inspection for streaming application detection systems

The rapid development of the internet has brought huge benefits and social impacts; however, internet security has also become a great problem for users, since traditional approaches to packet classification cannot achieve satisfactory detection performance due to their low accuracy and efficiency. In this paper, a new stateful packet inspection method is introduced, which can be embedded in the network gateway and used by a streaming application detection system. This new detection method leverages the inexact automaton approach, using part of the header field and part of the application layer data of a packet. Based on this approach, an advanced detection system is proposed for streaming applications. The workflow of the system involves two stages: the training stage and the detection stage. In the training stage, the system initially captures characteristic patterns from a set of application packet flows. After this training is completed, the detection stage allows the user to detect the target application by capturing new application flows. This new detection approach is also evaluated using experimental analysis; the results of this analysis show that this new approach not only simplifies the management of the state detection system, but also improves the accuracy of data flow detection, making it feasible for real-world network applications.     

Virtual Experiments and Their Use in Teaching Experimental Design

The ability to design experiments in an appropriate and efficient way is an important skill, but students typically have little opportunity to get that experience. Most textbooks introduce standard general‐purpose designs, and then proceed with the analysis of data already collected. In this paper we explore a tool for gaining design experience: computer‐based virtual experiments. These are software environments which mimic a real situation of interest and invite the user to collect data to answer a research question. Two prototype environments are described. The first one is suitable for a course that deals with screening or response surface designs, the second one allows experimenting with block and row‐column designs. They are parts of a collection we developed called ENV2EXP, and can be freely used over the web. We also describe our experience in using them in several courses over the last few years.     

Reconciling user costs and rental equivalence: Evidence from the US consumer expenditure survey

Previous research [Verbrugge, Randal, 2008a. The puzzling divergence of aggregate rents and user costs, 1980–2004. The Review of Income and Wealth 54(4), 671–699] demonstrated that housing rents and ex ante user costs diverge markedly for extended periods of time, a finding with profound implications for income and inflation measurement. But the primary data sources in that study were various indexes, based upon largely disjoint data sources, constructed using different aggregation techniques, and each subject to various criticisms. This raised doubts about the quality of the comparison. The relationship between user costs and rents might well be much tighter at the micro level; after all, house prices and rents (and their growth rates) can vary dramatically within cities, and rents are notoriously sticky. Furthermore, the use of indexes precludes both cross-sectional and dollar cost comparisons. In this study, we use Consumer Expenditure Interview Survey (CE) data to examine the relationship between user costs and rents at the individual unit-level, in dollars, using unit-level information on house value, rent, taxes, and the like. This allows us to accurately estimate unit-specific user costs and to control for unobservables like structure and neighborhood quality. We also make the point that in theory, after-tax user costs should equal net rent, i.e., expected rental income, rather than gross rent.Our findings are striking. In keeping with most previous research, we find tremendous divergence between conventional measures of user costs and net rents, thus ruling out index construction errors as a possible explanation. This divergence does not result from a faulty rent measure: we find that reported rents are sensible, in that they move similarly to official rent indexes, and are not simply out-of-pocket expenses. Instead, and most perplexing, we find a surprisingly close correspondence between net rents and a particular estimate of user costs, one implicitly assuming zero transactions costs and constructed using an appreciation measure that is both theoretically suspect and empirically a poor predictor of actual appreciation.     

The housing bubble and a new approach to accounting for housing in a CPI

Over the course of the recent house price bubble in the United States, the price of homes rose rapidly from 1999 Q4 to 2005 Q4 (11.3% annually as measured by the Case-Shiller index, and 8.4% annually as measured by the Federal Housing Financing Agency) but slowly as measured by owner equivalent rents (3.4%), so measured core inflation remained relatively docile during this period, since only rents are used to measure inflation for housing services in the United States. Over the last several decades, the US Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) has experimented with both rental equivalence and user cost approaches for accounting for owner occupied housing (OOH) services in the CPI. We explain the basics of these approaches, and outline the BLS experiences with using them. This assessment leads us to conclude that the time has come to try a new approach: the opportunity cost approach. We argue this approach has advantages over both the conventional rental equivalence and user cost approaches, though it embeds components of the measures for both those approaches and builds solidly on the research of Verbrugge and others at the BLS. Also, we take up empirical issues that must be faced regardless of which of the approaches discussed is adopted. We explain how the repeat-sales and various hedonic regression methods can be placed in a common framework, thereby facilitating understanding of the properties of and the tradeoffs between the methods. We also consider measurement complications that arise because the land and structure components of properties depreciate at different rates.     

VFP程序设计课程教学方法的探究

Visual FoxPro是一种面向对象的关系型数据库软件,以很少的代码就能设计出丰富多彩的用户界面,是开发数据库应用系统的常用工具。针对VFP课程的教学,从分析VFP程序设计课程的现状入手,在教学方法和手段运用等方面进行探究,以取得良好的教学效果。     

What governs firm-level R&D: Internal or external factors?

Two parallel streams of research investigating the determinants of corporate R&D exist: one from economics and the other from management. The economists’ variables tend to reflect the firm’s external environment while the explanatory variables used by management scientists are commonly internal to the firm. This paper combines both approaches to test for the relative importance of each type of factor using firm-level data on large Australian companies from 1990 to 2005. Our evidence suggests that most of a firm’s R&D activity can be explained by time-invariant factors which we believe relate to internal and specific characteristics such as the firm’s managerial dimensions, competitive strategy and how it communicates with employees. Of the remaining time-varying portion, we find that past profits, the rate of growth of the industry and the level of R&D activity over the firm’s industry is pertinent. These results are suggestive since we cannot clearly identify the extent to which the firm’s internal behaviour is conditioned by its external environment.     

浅析联合运动中直线误差和角误差之间的关系

提高机床的软件补偿方法和坐标测量机的精度一定程度上取决于机误差的建模和测量方法。目前常用的方法是基于刀具的位置误差或笔尖的位置误差的个别轴关节运动误差参数组合。本文的目的是在机器误差分析的基础上提出对错误的分类。这种方法的相关性研究,通过案例研究机制之间的联合运动角度和线性轴机床的直线度误差。通过基于纯粹抽象的数学实验,探索模拟联合运动的直线度和角度误差建模。实验结果结果表明,在某些情况下的关节运动直线度误差不得作为估计整合联合运动学角度误差的依据。     

Exploiting semantic linkages among multiple sources for semantic information retrieval

The vision of the Semantic Web is to build a global Web of machine-readable data to be consumed by intelligent applications. As the first step to make this vision come true, the initiative of linked open data has fostered many novel applications aimed at improving data accessibility in the public Web. Comparably, the enterprise environment is so different from the public Web that most potentially usable business information originates in an unstructured form (typically in free text), which poses a challenge for the adoption of semantic technologies in the enterprise environment. Considering that the business information in a company is highly specific and centred around a set of commonly used concepts, this paper describes a pilot study to migrate the concept of linked data into the development of a domain-specific application, i.e. the vehicle repair support system. The set of commonly used concepts, including the part name of a car and the phenomenon term on the car repairing, are employed to build the linkage between data and documents distributed among different sources, leading to the fusion of documents and data across source boundaries. Then, we describe the approaches of semantic information retrieval to consume these linkages for value creation for companies. The experiments on two real-world data sets show that the proposed approaches outperform the best baseline 6.3–10.8% and 6.4–11.1% in terms of top five and top 10 precisions, respectively. We believe that our pilot study can serve as an important reference for the development of similar semantic applications in an enterprise environment.     

视频传输远程控制设计新方案

远程控制是用户计算机通过网络对远程主机(服务器)进行使用、管理和维护的行为,是被广泛应用于异地用户或移动用户的计算机操作,也是实现家庭办公的先进手段。文章介绍了远程控制的基础原理、结构和设计的新方案,以及视频传输系统通信模型与状态分析图。     

Improved strategy management for WDNs: Integrated prioritization SWOT QSPM (IPSQ) method – Application to passive defense

Drinking WDNs are one of the most significant infrastructures of the sustainable society. It will suffer damage during the operation, occurrences of inevitable disasters, terrorist attacks or war. Therefore, in this research, an improved strategy management approach for passive defense is presented that is called the Integrated Prioritization SWOT QSPM or IPSQ method. The clustering of the weights of affecting factors is determined using the ELECTRE TRI model, based on specific criteria. These weights are allocated according to the user's personal preferences, previously. The performance of proposed method was investigated. The necessary information was gathered and, a hydraulic analysis was conducted using WaterGEMS. The SWOT matrix is performed and top strategies shaped. Next, the priorities were illustrated using QSPM analysis. The results showed IPSQ method successfully headed us to planning priorities with least user interference and prevent possible mistakes. Clustering and prioritization processors can be linked to strategy management techniques simply and usefully. Outputs of hydraulic analysis are exceedingly useful to make best decisions for WDN. Government financial support for the implementation of online security and monitoring facilities (WO1 with STAS = 4.61), is known as the first priority of strategy for passive defense of the studied WDN.     

义乌樊村货运站发展现状研究

分析研究搜集到的信息后发现大多数货运站的装卸作业质量不高，缺乏专业人才，这将影响物流运输服务的可持续发展。基于义乌樊村周边大部分货运站为个体货运站，要改变现状，提升服务水平惟有从细节处着手，小投入大产出的发展策略方能为其所用。最适合的方法应该是吸引在校大专生来实习，一方面货运站可获取专业知识，提升经营层次，增强竞争力；另一方面大学生也能知行合一，提高专业水平，实现双赢。