平台经济对性别收入差距的影响研究——基于CFPS数据的经验分析

数字革命催生的平台经济以强大的就业效应重塑劳动力就业形态和收入分配机制，为缩小性别收入差距带来契机。文章基于2020年中国家庭追踪调查（CFPS）数据，考察平台经济发展对性别收入差距的影响，结果表明：通过改善女性就业条件、削弱女性家庭责任限制、便利女性就业搜寻及提升女性人力资本，平台经济提高了女性劳动者的就业能力和就业机会，给女性劳动者带来比男性更大幅度的收入增长，从而缩小性别收入差距；性别收入差距缩小效果对已婚、中低技能、受雇型及服务行业的劳动者群体更为明显；当今劳动力市场上禀赋收益率差异（性别歧视）依然是性别收入差距形成的主要来源，女性具备的平台经济接入优势和回报率优势都对性别收入差距起到收敛作用。     

劳动力市场中容貌歧视的学历纠正效应研究

容貌歧视是劳动力市场中一种较为隐匿的歧视行为。文章基于2012年中山大学"中国劳动力动态调查"（CLDS）所得数据,运用OLS回归及倾向性得分匹配法对容貌的工资效应进行了分析。研究结论支持容貌的优势和劣势都会显著影响劳动者的工资的结论,并且证明在男性群体、女性群体以及低学历群体中,"美貌溢价"和"丑陋罚金"都存在：前者会带来工资升水而后者则会降低工资水平。更为重要的是,文章首次揭示出容貌歧视在高学历群体中的失效,即"颜值"并不会对高学历劳动者的工资产生显著影响。由此,"Dress for success"具有一定的合理性,同时降低容貌-收入负效应的途径之一则是提高学历水平。     

家庭背景对大学毕业生工作搜寻途径的影响

本文简要分析了家庭背景对大学毕业生搜寻行为、信息、成本、期望和机会的影响,认为家庭背景导致的就业不公平现象,是当前我国高等教育发展和公共政策必需面对的现实问题。建议充分发挥政府的职能作用,进一步完善就业市场体制,弱化家庭背景对个体就业的影响     

家庭背景对大学毕业生工作搜寻途径的影响

本文简要分析了家庭背景对大学毕业生搜寻行为、信息、成本、期望和机会的影响,认为家庭背景导致的就业不公平现象,是当前我国高等教育发展和公共政策必需面对的现实问题.建议充分发挥政府的职能作用,进一步完善就业市场体制,弱化家庭背景对个体就业的影响.     

政治资本、代际传递、进入与晋升：以公共部门为例

文章利用中共宁夏区委党校培训官员的调研样本实证分析了公共部门内部父母政治资本的代际传递状况,在排除了样本自选择偏误之后,回归结果表明：父母政治资本对进入公平和晋升公平的影响并非全局性的,而是针对特定群体。公务员考试制度的全面推广促进了进入公平,使得进入不公平只存在于那些并非通过公开考试进入公共部门的官员群体之中;晋升不公平则表现出“顶端优势效应”,对于低级别官员并不显著,随着级别的提高,父母政治资本对官员提拔速度的正面效应才相对显著。以上发现表明,利用制度建设削弱政治资本的代际传递仍然具有现实迫切性,只有通过选人必考、任人唯贤才能维护公共部门内部个体发展的机会公平和规则公平。     

女性就业对扩大中等收入群体的影响

女性就业对扩大中等收入群体具有重要意义,但在参与就业的过程中仍然面临着许多挑战。通过对CFPS（中国家庭追踪调查）2020年的数据进行多分类Logistic回归研究发现,女性参与就业对其家庭进入中等收入层次具有正向的积极作用。同时,研究还发现个体特征、家庭特征和环境特征对于家庭进入不同收入群体的概率具有重要影响。最后,基于结论提出对策建议,以推动女性充分就业,进一步壮大中等收入群体。     

朝阳市互联网时代就业服务问题探析

互联网对中国社会就业影响出现三大趋势,分别为:行业的平台效应愈加明显,在其生态圈内创造了更多的就业机会;"平台型就业"逐渐浮现,同时"创业式就业"热潮快速发展;互联网行业人才的就业面貌也有别于传统行业,呈现出年龄低、工龄短、学历高等特点。基于这三个新的就业趋势,朝阳市就业服务形式对企业、个人和政府都提出了更新的要求。探索并实践"互联网+就业服务",显得意义深远。     

职场80后：创意无限PK眼高手低

今后几年，随着更多的本科生和研究生相继毕业进入就业市场，高学历的“80后”群体将会在职场上有更多的作为。     

农民工就业歧视问题分析

无论从现状还是未来看,和城市居民一样,农民工无疑已经成为城市的不可或缺的就业主体。虽然近年国家对农民工进城就业管理服务政策的调整,使农民工的就业环境得到改善,但城乡二元结构形成的就业机会的不平等依然存在,使农民工在就业中遭遇歧视。这不仅在短期内损害农民工的权益,而且从长远来看也有碍城乡一体化的实现,更不符合科学的发展观。因此,创造一个公平的就业环境,给农民工提供一个公平的就业机会,是和谐社会的题中应有之义。     

浅论家庭文化背景对子女接受高等教育入学机会的影响

在家庭背景中,家庭的文化背景是较直观和重要的原因之一。父母的文化背景影响着家庭文化资本、经济收入和社会关系,这些方面又相互交叉、相互融合,共同对子女接受高等教育入学机会产生着影响。本文探讨了家庭文化背景对子女高接受等教育机会的影响,以便引起更多的人来关注因家庭文化背景不同而造成的教育不公平现象。提出应对策略,促进教育公平。     

劳动力信心、成绩和社会关系对行业进入的影响

本文在控制教育、年龄、性别、工龄、民族、婚姻、健康、社会关系、家庭背景、户籍等变量的情况下,利用有序概率模型(Ordered Probit Model)实证研究了劳动力信心、离校成绩对劳动力能否进入高收入行业的影响,研究的结果表明较强的自信心、较高的成绩、较好的社会关系网络均有利于劳动者进入高收入行业。     

The employment environment for youth in rural South Africa: A mixed-methods study

South Africa has high youth unemployment. This article examines the predictors of youth employment in rural Agincourt, Mpumalanga Province. A survey of 187 out-of-school 18 to 24 year olds found that only 12% of women and 38% of men were currently employed. Men with skills/training were significantly more likely to report employment, mostly physical labour (adjusted odds ratio: 4.5; confidence interval: 1.3, 15.3). In-depth interviews with 14 of the youth revealed that women are perceived more suitable for formal employment, which is scarce, informing why women were more likely to pursue further education and yet less likely to be employed. Ten key informants from local organisations highlighted numerous local youth employment resources while, in contrast, all youth in the sample said no resources were available, highlighting a need for the organisations to extend their services into rural areas. Because these services are focused on entrepreneurship, programmes to increase financial literacy and formal employment opportunities are also needed.     

学历对劳动者创业决定的影响——基于中国微观数据的实证研究

文章基于中国综合社会调查数据库(China General Social Survey,CGSS) 2010、2012和2015年的调查数据,采用Probit模型探讨了个体受教育年限对创业选择的影响,并引入性别、家庭背景两个调节变量分析其对二者关系的影响。由于模型存在内生性,选取个体英语水平作为工具变量。研究结果表明:个体的学历对创业倾向有抑制效果,即受教育年限越长,其创业倾向越低;男性个体的受教育年限对其创业行为的抑制效果相较于女性明显减弱;所处家庭背景较好的个体的受教育年限对其创业行为的抑制效果明显增强。文章的研究结论对于我国推动"大众创业,万众创新",制定相关创业鼓励政策具有参考作用。     

The wages and employment of female day‐labourers in English agriculture, 1740–18501

Using a new sample of farm accounts from 84 farms throughout England, this article provides measures of regional variation and changes over time in female wages and employment in agriculture. Female wages were not fixed, but changed over time and responded to high demand for female labour. The female‐male wage ratio fell between 1750 and 1850, except in the industrial north west. In 1851 approximately 19 per cent of agricultural day‐labourers were female. In the industrial north west, opportunities for factory employment reduced the supply of females to agriculture, but elsewhere the relative demand for female labour in agriculture declined.     

新形势下实施创业教育解决女大学生就业难题

在日趋严峻的就业形势下,大学生尤其是女大学生就业难已经成为社会的突出问题。高校有针对性地对女大学生实施创业教育,构建创业课程体系,提供创业实践平台,对解决女大学生就业问题具有重要意义。     

Impact of International Remittances on Schooling in the Philippines: Does the Relationship to the Household Head Matter?

We study the impact of international remittances on schooling in the Philippines, taking into account the school‐age individual's relationship to the household head. This consideration is important because employment opportunities abroad may be taken at the expense of the quality of child rearing. Our estimation results indicate that there are, indeed, significant negative guardian effects on school attendance and education expenditures when children with overseas parents are looked after by a relative other than a parent or grandparent. However, these negative effects tend to be outweighed by the positive impact of remittance flows from overseas.     

Flying Ducks? Girls’ Schooling in Rural Vietnam

Using the Vietnam Living Standards Survey 1992–93, this paper has found significant gender differences in children's education – parents are less likely to keep girls in school. The method of Doiron and Riddell (1994) is applied to decompose the predicted probability gap of being in school between boys and girls. Their method takes into account the nonlinear nature of the probit model. The decomposition result suggests that most observed gender differences in the predicted probability gap may be driven by discrimination, which may be due to Confucian values. Girls are colloquially referred to as 'flying ducks' as they are regarded as a loss to the family upon marriage. Cultural values could shape the parents' perception of the rate of the children's income transfer to the parents. If the cultural norms dictate that sons provide old–age security to the parents, while daughters marry and provide no support to the parents, parents may not be willing to invest as much in girls' education relative to boys. Promotion of gender equality and reduction of the reliance on sons in providing old–age security to parents are necessary to ensure that girls have equal opportunities to receive education.
JEL classification : I 2; J 16; J 71     

The gender wage gap in Myanmar: Adding insult to injury?

Using two surveys from 2017, we analyze the gender wage gap for urban workers in Myanmar. We start from a standard wage equation and condition on education, experience, health and a small set of household demographic attributes. Subsequently we control for differences in occupational choice and sector of employment. We estimate the models with sample selection correction and this leads to estimated average wage offers that are lower than the observed average wages for women. Selection into wage work results in a workforce where female wage-workers have higher levels of education compared to their male counterparts. However, average wages for female workers continue to be 29% lower than male average wages. Differences in observable attributes do not account for this gap. Instead, it is associated with a lower base wage and lower remuneration of women’s experience. Going beyond the traditional decomposition methods, we utilize our matched employer–employee survey to generate exact comparisons of female and male production workers with equal levels of education and experience, employed in the same enterprises. Even in this setting, we find a gender wage gap of 13%. Our analysis thus indicates discrimination against women in Myanmar’s labor markets.     

Self-employment of Chinese rural labor force: Subsistence or opportunity?—An empirical study based on nationally representative micro-survey data

Self-employment is an essential form of non-agricultural employment, and its nature has been rarely identified in recent studies. From the perspectives of the human capital, social capital, and family assets of rural laborers, this study focuses on determining self-employment by using the nationally representative data on the rural labor force in China. Through the static comparative analysis between three groups of laborers in self-employment, wage employment, farming, and the dynamic comparative analysis of laborers entering into and exiting from self-employment, the study shows that self-employment of rural laborers in China is almost opportunity-driven or moving toward opportunistic self-employment. Human capital, social capital, and family assets promote rural laborers shifting from wage employment to self-employment and stimulate the establishment of high-value enterprises. The study suggests that local governments should increase the investments in rural education and vocational skills training and strengthen the availability of rural credit to lay a good foundation for self-employment activities in rural areas.     

城镇居民的大学教育收益率估计:倾向指数匹配方法

本文利用全国综合社会调查数据(CGSS2003),首先使用Probit模型估计了个体上大学的概率,然后运用倾向指数匹配方法估计了2002年我国城镇居民的大学教育收益率.Probit估计结果表明家庭背景及地区对个人上大学的概率具有显著影响.匹配方法估计结果显示,大学毕业相对于高中毕业的教育收益率在79.1%以上,年均超过19.8%.传统的OLS方法估计的大学教育收益率仅为56.1%,低于匹配方法的估计结果.另外,高中组个体的潜在大学教育收益率可能高于大学组的大学教育收益率.