房产税改革的经济与福利效应：基于异质性个体模型的研究

如何理解房产税在宏观经济运行中的作用和对微观家庭的异质性影响，对于中国的房产税改革非常重要。本文构建了一个包含异质性个体的世代交叠模型，量化分析了房产税改革对宏观经济运行和异质性微观个体福利的影响。研究表明，房产税改革的长期效果是优化居民资产结构、刺激消费、降低房价并显著提振实体经济。房产税改革带来了显著的福利改善，且对低收入群体福利改善最明显。然而，征收房产税在短期内会带来房价的快速下降和租金上升，高财富和住房资产较多的群体在改革当期甚至存在福利损失。当存在征收面积减免时，房产税改革对房地产市场和宏观经济的影响减弱，低收入群体更容易买房的同时伴随着消费的相对下降。     

城市空间结构如何影响技能溢价：理论视角与现实证据

在我国大力推进新型城镇化助力共同富裕的背景下，城市空间结构作为城镇化的重要内容，厘清其对技能溢价的影响及经济机制具有重要的现实意义。文章利用LandScan人口分布数据测度了城市多中心度，以此度量城市空间结构。并结合2011、2013、2015与2017年的中国家庭金融调查数据，从异质性劳动力在城市内部空间不均衡分布这一理论视角识别了城市空间结构对技能溢价的影响。研究表明：无论是否考虑住房成本，城市多中心结构均会带来技能溢价，这一结论在替换解释变量与被解释变量、剔除部分样本后仍然成立。为进一步识别多中心结构对不同学历劳动力工资的影响，文章根据劳动力学历对其进一步细分，发现城市多中心化发展会提高具有大专及以上学历劳动力的工资水平，但对大专以下学历劳动力工资产生不利影响。进一步地，文章结合集聚效应与选择效应的相关理论，从异质性劳动力在城市内部空间不均衡分布这一理论视角检验了城市空间结构对技能溢价的影响机制，发现城市主中心舒适的生活环境对高技能劳动力的拉力与其高昂的生活成本对低技能劳动力的推力共同导致技能溢价。该研究为我国“十四五”期间调整并优化城市空间结构以缩小收入差距、实现城镇化提质增效...     

财富效应、经济稳定与货币政策选择——基于中国DSGE模型的实证研究

本文通过新、旧家庭的世代交替假设,引进股市波动对消费的影响,建立符合中国经济特征的动态随机一般均衡(DSGE)模型;用中国宏观季度数据估计模型参数,研究了中国的股市财富效应和货币政策选择问题。研究发现,中国股市财富效应存在,股市正向冲击对产出、通货膨胀和工资都有正向的短期影响。因此,股市冲击是经济短期波动不可忽视的因素。虽然存在股市财富效应,但中国的货币政策尚未对股市波动采取制度性的响应措施。通过模拟研究发现,提高货币政策对股市波动的响应力度能有效降低产出波动,但却会显著提高物价和利率的波动。     

“低技能排斥”下的劳动力跨地区流动——产出效应与收入分配

在中国劳动力跨地区流动过程中,地方政府针对不同技能的劳动力制定了差异化的就业政策,不少地区基于缓解公共服务供需矛盾等方面的考虑,对低技能劳动力采取了排斥的态度。本文在量化空间一般均衡模型框架下刻画了高、低技能劳动力差异化的流动特征,使用2005年、2015年全国人口抽样调查微观数据,定量分析了“低技能排斥”下劳动力跨地区流动对收入分配的影响及产出效应。研究发现,第一,与高技能劳动力相比,低技能劳动力流动所面临的阻碍更大,使得低技能劳动力跨地区流动成本高于高技能劳动力。第二,“低技能排斥”下的劳动力跨地区流动,一定程度上抑制了高、低技能劳动力之间的技能互补,造成GDP损失。第三,全面破除“低技能排斥”,充分发挥高、低技能劳动力之间的技能互补性,将显著缩小地区之间劳动力的收入差距。因此,打破劳动力跨地区流动中的技能歧视,引导高、低技能劳动力畅通有序流动,优化劳动力配置效率的同时还有助于共同富裕战略目标的实现。     

货币政策、投资约束与收入差距

文章将融资约束的异质性居民引入到新凯恩斯一般均衡模型中,考察货币政策对中国居民的收入分配和收入差距的影响,研究发现:(1)货币供给冲击和负向利率冲击对收入差距有正向的影响,货币政策使李嘉图居民与非李嘉图居民的收入出现明显分化;(2)通过反事实研究表明李嘉图居民比例的降低和投资约束的放松都会加大收入差距的影响;(3)通过比较4种不同货币政策规则对收入差距波动和福利的影响,发现随着通胀和产出缺口敏感系数的增加,采用泰勒规则不仅能平滑经济波动还能减少收入差距和福利损失。文章通过对货币政策对收入差距的影响及机制进行理论研究与定量分析,为中国货币政策研究提供了新的研究视角。     

最低工资制在完全与不完全市场中的影响——一个理论分析框架

本文通过构建一个包含产品市场和劳动力市场的模型,分析了最低工资制度在社会、经济等方面的影响,并得出以下结论:如果企业是市场工资率的被动接受者,则推行最低工资制度在促进劳动者福利提升的同时,会以减损社会总福利为代价,同时社会总产出水平下降;如果企业对市场工资率有影响能力,则通过最低工资制度提高就业者工资率水平,这不仅会促进劳动者福利的提升,同时也会造成社会总福利的改进,社会总产出水平上升。以此为基础,结合当前中国的社会实际,对于最低工资制度的实施提供了相关的政策建议。     

要素积累、偏向型技术进步与劳动收入占比

自20世纪90年代中期以来,尽管我国技能劳动者的工资一直快速增长,但技能劳动者收入的增加并没有带来劳动收入占比的上升,相反,劳动收入占比持续下降.对于这些与已有理论相悖的"谜",本文从偏向型技术进步的视角,借助于资本与技能之间的互补效应机制对其进行了解释.本文认为,由于机器设备与技能劳动是互补的,技能偏向型技术进步在提高技能劳动者工资的同时,也会提高资本的收益,这就导致了劳动收入占比的下降.进一步地,通过将技术进步的方向内生化,我们发现:技能劳动对工资差距的影响呈"驼峰形"特征,这与我国高等教育收益率先升后降的变化特征相一致;技能劳动与劳动收入占比之间呈"U"形关系,这就在一定程度上解释了为何在技能劳动供给不断增加的条件下,劳动收入占比呈现"U"形演变规律.     

探析货币政策冲击的异质性:基于纯粹“量化”分析的视角

时变参数模型可以捕捉货币政策冲击的异质性,常参数模型可以解决自由度问题对变量选取的限制,然而,在没有统一定论货币政策冲击是否存在异质性的情况下,常参数计量模型却在当今研究货币政策冲击过程中得到了无法捕捉异质性的批判,基于此,本文构建了带有随机波动率的时变参数因子扩展向量自回归模型和异质性指数,基于货币政策冲击的6个经济基本面,从纯粹"量化"的视角研究了中国货币政策冲击的异质性,并通过三维脉冲响应在XOZ和YOZ平面的投影对异质性成分进行了"量化"分解。研究结果发现:(1)货币政策冲击并不具有绝对异质性,对于不同的经济部门,异质性影响程度也不同。(2)时间维度单调性和波动性对货币政策冲击的异质性作了"主要贡献",而响应维度的离群值和波动性基本不会导致货币政策冲击产生异质性问题。(3)货币政策对公共经济冲击的异质性最大,对金融市场冲击的异质性最小,对产出和就业冲击的异质性较强,对通货膨胀和私人经济冲击的异质性较弱,对产出和就业冲击的异质性较弱。     

数字技术发展对双边股票资本流动管制效果的影响研究

文章基于2001～2019年全球主要经济体之间的双边股票资本流动数据，构建各经济体数字技术发展指标，实证检验数字技术发展对双边股票资本流动管制效果的影响。研究发现，数字技术的发展将显著削弱各经济体双边股票资本流动管制效果。渠道分析表明，数字技术发展进一步增加了一些经济体受跨境“热钱”冲击的压力，使其受到更多来自离岸金融中心的跨境投资，也推动其提高加密货币持有率。这说明数字技术发展可能会增加投资者跨境投资的监管规避渠道，进而造成双边股票资本流动管制效果下降。此外，异质性分析发现，新兴经济体受跨境“热钱”冲击更强，数字技术发展对其资本账户管制提出更为严峻的考验。文章的研究揭示了全球经济金融数字化发展背景下跨境金融监管领域遭遇的新挑战，为新兴经济体更好地应对数字化冲击提供有益参考。     

城市集聚经济类型与人口流动

城市集聚经济包括专业化和多样化两种类型.从就业效应、收入效应和人力资本效应3方面构建城市专业化集聚经济和多样化集聚经济影响人口流动的作用机制,并基于城市层面的面板数据,采用工具变量法实证考察了不同类型的集聚经济对人口流动的影响,发现城市专业化、多样化确实是影响人口流动的重要因素,但多样化的影响大于专业化.从城市规模和区域的异质性视角来看,东部地区和大城市样本中的回归结果与总样本完全一样.但对于中西部地区和中小城市,只有专业化变量的影响显著.研究结果表明,专业化、多样化在不同城市和不同区域人口流动影响的差异,能够部分解释我国流动人口空间分布的不均衡.     

Welfare Implications of Currency Integration: Labor Mobility and Pricing-to-Market

In this paper, we examine the welfare cost of renouncing monetary policy autonomy in a model that includes labor mobility and pricing-to-market (PTM) behavior in firms. We find that renouncing monetary policy autonomy becomes a cost of currency integration when the consumption basket weights differ between candidate countries and when country-specific total factor productivity (TFP) shocks hit economies, even when the union fulfills the classic optimum currency area theory of labor mobility. We also found that a firm's PTM behavior has a significant effect on the welfare implications of currency integration combined with labor mobility. For instance, currency integration does not produce greater welfare losses in the PTM case (where the labor input weights differ across member countries and asymmetric labor disutility shocks occur), although greater welfare losses arise in the case of producer currency pricing.     

政府挤占了企业人力资源吗——来自中国企业出口产品质量的证据

文章在异质性模型基础上，引入出口产品质量，通过构建理论模型考察了政府与企业间人才配置对企业出口质量决策的影响。人力资本在政府与企业间的配置是决定企业出口质量的重要因素，政府对人才的过度占用将导致其对高技能劳动的"竞争效应"高于生产率"溢出效应"，从而抑制企业的出口质量的提升。基于此，文章采用2005年全国1%人口抽样调查数据、中国工业企业数据、中国海关数据及其匹配数据，通过构建计量模型检验了政府与企业间人才配置对中国企业出口产品质量的影响。研究发现：虽然公务员人力资本水平的提高有助于政府公共物品提供，但是却挤占了企业生产中对高技能劳动力的使用，政府、企业间人才配置所带来的高技能劳动力"竞争效应"显著高于公共物品"溢出效应"，从而通过提升高技能劳动力的工资水平，抑制了中国企业出口产品质量的提升，这一结论在考虑了变量的度量、模型形式设定与内生性问题之后仍然稳健；进一步检验发现政府部门对企业人力资本的"竞争效应"在不同行业间存在显著地差异性，对与政府人力资本结构更为相似行业的出口质量压抑效应更大；在对出口产品质量进行动态分解后，文章研究发现政府与企业间人才配置对出口质量的负面影响主要源自于在位企业的企业内与企业间效应，而非进入与退出效应。     

Aid Volatility and Real Business Cycles in a Developing Open Economy

This article analyzes the impact of the unpredictability of foreign aid on macroeconomic fluctuations in the recipient country. I build a small open‐economy business cycle model that accounts for foreign aid shocks, with no preference shocks. The model is calibrated to reflect the structural empirical regularities of Cote d'Ivoire, a typical aid‐dependent developing country. The parameters of the exogenous shocks are estimated using Bayesian methods and time series data for Cote d'Ivoire. The model produces business cycle patterns that are consistent with the data and key stylized facts. Specifically, the excess volatility of consumption with respect to output is successfully replicated. The results suggest that the unpredictability of foreign aid contributes to explain the volatility of business cycles in the recipient economy and has negative welfare effects.     

The Macroeconomics Effects of Government Spending Under Fiscal Foresight

Consumption and output responses to fiscal shocks are studied in a model with fiscal foresight. Fiscal foresight reduces both output multipliers and consumption. However, key features such as sticky wages, credit constrained households and elastic labour supply, are able to generate both sizeable output multipliers and positive consumption, in effect preserving key Keynesian effects. This model fits a developing economy like South Africa well since it is able to capture transparent communication of government as well as control for credit constrained consumption and sticky wages.     

WELFARE GAINS OF AID INDEXATION IN SMALL OPEN ECONOMIES

Foreign-aid flows to poor, aid-dependent economies are highly volatile and pro-cyclical. Shortfalls in aid coincide with shortfalls in GDP and government revenues. This increases the consumption volatility in aid dependent countries, thereby causing substantial welfare losses. This paper finds that indexing aid flows to exogenous shocks, like a change in the terms of trade, can significantly improve the welfare of an aid-dependent country by lowering its output and consumption volatility. Compared to the benchmark specification with stochastic aid flows, indexation of aid flows to terms-of-trade shocks can reduce the cost of business-cycle fluctuations in the recipient country by 4% of permanent consumption. Moreover, use of indexed aid can allow donors to reduce the aid flows by 3% without lowering the level of welfare in the recipient country.     

Migrants and urban wage: Evidence from China's internal migration

Using China's 2005 1% population survey, this paper examines the wage impact on urban workers of rural to urban migration. We find that, on average, migrants increase the wages of urban workers, with the effect being magnified for more skilled urban workers. This suggests that migrants with skills similar to those of urban workers may complement them. We explore the possible channels of these effects. From the supply perspective, we find that migration inflows accelerate the occupational upgrading of urban workers, especially for low- and medium-skilled workers. From a demand perspective, as the share of migrants in the urban labor force increases, the number and output of industrial firms also increase, and firms become more reliant on low-skilled workers. The more migrants in a city, the greater the available employees for industrial firms, particularly for low-skilled employees. However, the effects on high-skilled firms are much smaller or insignificant. In addition, we find that migrants have little impact on firms' capital-labor and capital-output ratios. This suggests that firms can expand through capital adjustments to absorb inexpensive migrants, which alleviates the possible negative impact of migrants on the urban labor market.     

Great Moderation in the Japanese economy

This paper investigates the contribution of technology and nontechnology shocks to the changing volatility of output and labor growth in the postwar Japanese economy. A time-varying vector autoregression (VAR) with drifting coefficients and stochastic volatilities is modeled and long-run restriction is used to identify technology shocks in line with Galí (1999) and Galí and Gambetti (2009). We find that technology shocks are responsible for significant changes in the output volatility throughout the total sample period while the volatility of labor input is largely attributed to nontechnology shocks. The driving force behind these results is the negative correlation between labor input and productivity, which holds significantly and persistently over the postwar period.     

Imperfect Intersectoral Labor Mobility and Monetary Shocks in a Small Open Economy

In this paper, we model the assumption of imperfect labor mobility across sectors in the New Open-Economy Macroeconomics framework to assess its impact on output, inflation, and welfare. Following a permanent home monetary expansion in a small open economy, we find that the above-mentioned assumption leads to: (i) less expansionary effects on (traded) output in the short term, although also less contractionary in the long term; (ii) lower short-term inflation but higher in the long term; and (iii) less intertemporal welfare, with even a ??beggar thyself?? problem being possible.     

美国经济波动对中国经济增长的影响及其传导机制研究

在开放经济条件下,一国的经济波动会通过国际贸易、国际投资等资本的跨国流动传导到别的国家。鉴于美国已经成为中国主要的贸易伙伴和FDI来源国,其经济的波动会对中国的经济产生很大的影响,因此本文运用基于VAR模型的广义脉冲响应函数法与方差分解法,在以双边贸易与投资为传导纽带,暗含汇率变化影响的基础上定量分析了美国经济波动对中国经济冲击的长期传导机制和短期动态影响特征。冲击响应分析结果表明,美国经济对中国经济的影响更大,美国经济的波动主要通过影响中国对美国出口的途径对中国经济增长造成冲击;方差分解结果显示,中国经济对美国经济的贡献更大。     

Capital mobility and labor market volatility

We used a dynamic two-country optimizing model featuring efficiency wages to analyze the implications of capital mobility for labor market volatility. Capital mobility magnifies the short-run effects of productivity shocks and monetary shocks on employment and the real wage, but dampens the medium-run effects. The overall effects of capital mobility on the volatility and the cyclical properties of employment and the real wage are moderate.