必须去杠杆

当前投资对就业的带动效应越来越差。去杠杆是主动降风险,为潜在的危机创造应对空间 中国社科院目前发布国家资产负债表研究报告指出,中国非金融企业部门杠杆率已达到113％,超过OECD国家90％的阈值,在所有统计国家中高居榜首,值得警惕。如果将非金融企业、居民部门、金融部门以及政府部门的债务加总,那么全社会的债务规模达到111．6万亿元,占当年GDP的215％。这意味着全社会的杠杆率已经很高,去杠杆在所难免。     

外需收缩、杠杆波动与宏观政策协调

文章建立了包含地方政府、房企、居民家庭等非金融部门和金融中介在内的动态随机一般均衡模型引入非金融部门,基于土地及房产的抵押融资行为,分析了外部需求收缩下实体经济不同部门的杠杆率变动及其传导机制,并据此检验不同宏观政策组合的有效性。研究发现,外部需求下降拖累本国出口继而削减产出,货币政策逆周期宽松应对产出下降,推动地价及房价上涨,提高了地方政府、房企和家庭的借贷能力,推升了宏观杠杆率,并造成冲击结束后实体部门的被动去杠杆过程,而居民住房抵押借贷能力的增加以及基于借贷约束的资产配置变动进一步推升了股市泡沫。对此,在传统货币政策和管理浮动汇率的宏观政策组合基础上,使用贷款价值比和存款准备金率的逆周期宏观审慎政策组合,可以缓解外部需求下降造成的实体杠杆率波动,限制非金融部门的过度借贷行为。叠加房产税的逆周期调节能有效增加实体经济的消费及投资,缓解政府支出的负向波动,减少外部需求下降对产出造成的不利影响。     

供给侧改革背景下非金融企业去杠杆路径探析

2008年以来,我国非金融企业杠杆率持续攀升,企业高杠杆已威胁我国金融市场稳定和经济健康发展。推动非金融企业去杠杆是避免金融风险,实现经济有序发展的重要途径。文章旨在结合政府相关政策的基础上,探究非金融企业杠杆率管理方式,并在去杠杆的同时稳增长,以此推进我国的供给侧改革,促进经济转型发展。     

资产负债表关联视角下的政府债务违约风险传染研究

本文以政府部门为切入点,从理论和实证上分析政府债务对于宏观经济部门的影响。根据不同的金融工具构建分部门资产负债表关联矩阵,并运用未定权益分析(CCA)模型测度2007—2019年间我国系统性金融风险,模拟了政府部门在遭受债务违约情况下各部门系统性金融风险传染过程,研究结果表明:(1)考虑地方政府隐性债务后,政府部门的实际宏观杠杆率正在加速攀升;(2)政府部门隐性债务掩盖了部门内部系统性风险的实际积累水平,存在约1~2年的时滞效应;(3)政府部门债务违约后,金融部门遭受的损失最大;但考虑隐性债务后,非金融企业部门遭受的损失最为严重且形成的系统性风险停留时间更长,化解难度更大,对经济体的损害更深。因此要将地方政府隐性债务控制在合理区间,更注重杠杆监管的长期性,处理好经济部门间的债务转化关系,为地方政府有效控制风险留出空间。     

数字金融发展如何影响家庭“加杠杆”？——动态效应、异质性特征与机制检验

随着我国家庭部门杠杆率的快速攀升，家庭部门"加杠杆"成为学术界和业界共同关注的焦点之一。文章将中国数字普惠金融指数与中国家庭追踪调查（CFPS）数据相结合，从数字金融发展的角度，给出了一个近年来家庭杠杆率上升的解释，并探讨了其中的作用机制以及潜在影响。研究发现，数字金融发展能够显著推动家庭杠杆率的攀升，并对家庭杠杆率的攀升具有长期影响。从数量上看，数字金融发展每增加1%，相应杠杆率将上升0.0058%。在考虑了潜在的内生性后，文章所得结论依然成立。对该影响在不同群体中可能存在的异质性进行分析，结果发现，数字金融发展对家庭杠杆率的提升在有房贷、消费贷和经营贷家庭、中西部地区家庭、25-55岁家庭、农村地区家庭更为明显。机制分析表明，数字金融发展通过提高金融可得性、强化支付便利性和降低家庭面临的不确定性而对家庭杠杆率产生积极影响。文章研究结论对制定"数字中国"战略、理解结构性去杠杆中"守住不发生系统性金融风险的底线"等方面提供了有益思考。     

短期国际资本流动对企业杠杆率的影响

本文基于2006—2020年非金融企业的年度财务数据和部分季度、月度的宏观指标,分析了短期国际资本流动对企业杠杆率的影响。运用双向固定效应和异质性回归的实证方法,按照债务期限、债务类型、企业股权结构、融资约束程度以及行业和地区进行异质性分析。实证研究发现：短期国际资本流动增加会使非金融企业杠杆率、国有企业和非国有企业杠杆率、短期杠杆率和长期杠杆率上升,并且对非国有企业杠杆率和短期杠杆率的影响程度更大;在不同融资约束程度的企业中,短期国际资本流动对融资约束程度前25%和后25%的企业影响更大。     

“去杠杆”抑或“去管制”:新常态下的“去杠杆化”之路

<正>随着中国经济由高速增长阶段转入中高速增长的新常态阶段,通过降低社会金融杠杆率推进经济增长方式转变,又一次成为热点问题。中国全社会杠杆率由1996年的113%增长至2013年的215%,增长了90.6%,特别是2008年之后,在大规模经济刺激政策的推动下,社会杠杆率出现了迅速上升的态势。"杠杆"本身是现代金融市场中的重要工具,通过适当的运用杠杆工具,可以有效提升优化金融资源利用率。特别是对于中国而言,私人消费部门的金融杠杆率的提升可以有效促进内部消费     

融资融券杠杆率、投资者偏好与股票市场波动

融资融券交易改变了中国股票市场单向交易的特征,提高了市场金融资源配置效率。但融资融券也为投资者提供了杠杆交易的选择。随着市场波动,由于风险偏好的不同,投资者融资买入或融券卖空的比例大幅增加,使得融资融券杠杆率上升。过高的杠杆率又会加剧市场的波动,不利于市场的稳定发展。为此,论文以A 股市场融资融券标的股票为研究样本,通过S-VAR 模型分析融资融券杠杆率、投资者风险偏好与股市波动三者的关系。实证发现：股市的波动会使融资融券杠杆率上升,同时杠杆率的上升又会加剧市场的波动。从投资者偏好和行为来看,当市场呈上涨趋势时,投资者融资意愿明显,愿意承担更高的风险,融资杠杆率上升;当市场呈下跌趋势时,投资者融券卖空意愿明显,融券杠杆率上升。     

我国省域杠杆率及其对经济增长的影响——基于省级面板数据门槛模型北大核心CSSCISSCI

文章基于现有文献对全国杠杆率的测算方法,对2003-2015年全国31个省区的杠杆率进行了测算,之后基于Cobb Douglas生产函数构建了以经济增长为被解释变量,以杠杆率为门槛变量的省级面板门槛模型,实证得出杠杆率升高会降低资本对经济增长的拉动作用,分析了其原因在于资金使用效率下降和实体部门利润外流。最后提出了各省区应根据自己的情况有针对性地去杠杆、提高债务所形成资金的使用效率等政策建议。     

居民消费质量与债务杠杆：理论与实证分析

债务杠杆对家庭消费具有重要影响,现阶段家庭债务的情况主要取决于住房信贷的情况,家庭债务随着住房信贷的增加而增加。住房支出增加的多少一方面同房地产企业的金融杠杆相关联,另一方面同得到的金融支持(表现为家庭债务杠杆)相联系,从企业方面看,房企财务杠杆率的提高意味着家庭债务增加,而家庭债务杠杆会直接作用于居民消费。本文利用2008-2019年我国省级面板数据,重点考察了债务杠杆对居民生活消费质量的影响,研究结果表明：(1)房企债务杠杆率会显著抑制居民消费质量的提升;(2)相较于中西部地区来说,东部地区由于房地产市场更活跃、房价收入比更高,其债务杠杆水平对消费质量的影响更为显著;房地产市场越繁荣、房价上涨越快,债务杠杆率对居民消费质量的负向效应越显著;(3)家庭住房贷款在房企债务杠杆和居民消费质量之间发挥了中介作用,家庭规模对债务杠杆与消费质量之间的关系具有显著的正向调节作用。文章的研究为新发展格局下房地产市场的健康发展、居民消费质量的改善提供了参考。     

内生的杠杆阈值、金融加速器与宏观经济波动——基于动态随机一般均衡模型(DSGE)的分析

建立一个内嵌金融加速器和名义"债务-通缩"机制的DSGE分析框架,首先证明高杠杆通过金融加速器与名义"债务-通缩"加剧宏观经济波动：一方面高杠杆通过金融加速器导致"高杠杆-外部融资溢价"的恶性循环,另一方面名义计价的高债务可能导致"偿还债务-通缩-债务负担加重"的"债务-通缩"风险。进一步,虽然高杠杆可能触发系统性金融风险,但不同经济条件下债务的可持续性不同,杠杆阈值具有内生性,经济体最高能承受的杠杆率是经济系统的内生变量,与金融市场信息效率、债务合约、储蓄率、银行资产负债表结构相关。文章为供给侧改革与去杠杆提供了理论支持,一方面要降低宏观债务负担,另一方面要提升经济承担杠杆、抵御金融风险的能力,同时提示去杠杆要避免骤然紧缩信贷导致的流动性风险。     

Interlinkages Between Household and Corporate Debt in Advanced Economies

This article contributes to the debate on deleveraging in the non-financial private sector. It proposes a framework for assessing the interconnectedness of debt dynamics, in particular deleveraging in the household and in the non-financial corporate sectors, using instrumental techniques for a panel of 36 mostly OECD countries, from 1981 to 2015. Households’ debt developments are positively associated with non-financial corporations’ debt dynamics for the whole sample. Conversely, corporate debt has a positive influence on household debt and in particular during deleveraging episodes and in relatively labour-intensive countries. This is consistent with the functioning of the income channel, in which corporations squeeze their wage bill in order to restore profitability.     

金融化影响金融、非金融行业收入差距的区域异质性研究——基于中国省际面板的实证分析

随着金融化程度的加深,金融行业对人力资本的要求要高于非金融行业,金融行业与非金融行业收入差距增大存在市场的合理解释,但金融行业具有顺周期性,加大了资产价格波动,食利了非金融行业的部分利润,存在着不合理收入。实证发现在金融化水平较高的地区,金融化扩大金融、非金融行业收入差距的作用更强,建议金融行业从中长期激励及顺周期拨备的角度进行薪资改革。     

实体经济杠杆率、影子银行规模与系统性金融风险——基于TVP-VAR模型的实证研究

防范系统性金融风险、维持金融体系的稳定是中国经济工作的重中之重.通过时变参数向量自回归模型(TVP-VAR)分析实体经济杠杆率、影子银行规模对系统性金融风险的时变影响.研究发现,实体经济杠杆率与影子银行规模之间存在相互促进的关系,并且两者对系统性金融风险的冲击响应具有时变性和实滞效应.鉴于此,应加强实体经济部门去杠杆、影子银行监管,注重各金融风险防范政策之间的联动反应,以维护金融体系的稳定.     

The relationship between the real and financial economies in the Soviet Union: An analysis of government debts using newly available data

Newly available Soviet data reveal that government debt increased to compensate for inefficient use of funds for most of the Soviet period. Given the difficulty in managing fiat money without information and data generated by the market, and the simple Soviet financial structure, the increasing debt suggests that non-performing financial assets accumulated in the household sector, and inefficient real assets built up in the enterprise sector. The empirical analysis using a small time-varying parameter vector autoregression model identified that funds supplied to the economy had contributed at a decreasing rate to economic growth during nearly the entire Soviet period. Funds continued to be used wastefully, non-performing financial assets accumulated, and consequently the value of the ruble was decreasing. In this sense, Soviet monetary management was inefficient. Future research will include efforts to investigate responsiveness of price regulating authorities to changes in monetary and financial situation, to understand monetary management on the republic level, and to quantify the efficiency of use of funds.     

China： Unscathed through the Global Financial Tsunami

This paper investigates the reasons behind the resilience of China＇s economy to the global financial tsunami. China ＇s economy is lowly leveraged in its banking, household, public and external sectors and, therefore, is less plagued by the global deleveraging than most developed economies. Chinese domestic sectors have improved significantly over the past decade, giving them larger capacity to cope with external shocks than during the Asian financial crisis a decade ago. Contrary to the conventional wisdom that China＇s economic growth is highly dependent on exports, we find that the main growth engine for China is domestic demand. Destocking, rather than falling exports, was the main cause of the sharp economic slowdown in China in late 2008 and early 2009. Therefore, the global economic slowdown should have limited impact on China＇s economy. We forecast a sustained eeonomic recovery in China in 2009-2011, with real GDP growth exceeding 10 percent in 2010.     

The non‐linearity between finance and economic growth: a literature review and evidence from China

The influence of finance on the economy has been shown to be non‐linear. When financial development exceeds the needs of the real sector, an economy will face the challenge of ‘too much finance’, which may generate problems such as rent‐seeking, asset price bubbles, or even financial crises. China seems to have followed the ‘too much finance’ pattern in the most recent decade, during which a fast‐expanding financial sector and a slowly growing economy coexisted. The empirical part of this study supports a non‐linear (S‐shaped) relationship between financial development and GDP per capita; in addition, the two financial development indicators used (total loans and private credit) appear to have opposite effects on economic growth.     

Managing leverage of infrastructure projects: Aggregate and sectoral risk effect

Funding for infrastructure projects recently shows that debt has a portion more than equity, triggering public debates. Therefore, leverage as an instrument to measure the ability and willingness of project sponsors to fund becomes the utmost importance to discuss. Relating to leverage, risk and government participation are two main factors that can explain the choice of funding decisions by the project sponsors. For this reason, this study would analyze the effect of risk and government participation on leverage through the two main sectors of infrastructure projects, namely the transportation sector and the energy sector, and derivating risk to political risk and financial risk. The objects of research were 976 infrastructure projects listed in the Asian Development Bank during 2007−2016. We use censored regression to examine the model by infrastructure sectors, both as individual and through interaction effects. The analysis showed that overall, leverage of infrastructure projects was rather influenced by financial risk than by political risk. However, the leverage of infrastructure projects in the transportation sector was more vulnerable to risk than that in other sectors.     

Household indebtedness in Korea: Its causes and sustainability

This paper investigates why household debt in Korea has increased so rapidly over the past decade and whether it is sustainable, adopting a multi-faceted approach which includes a time series analysis, a quantitative analysis based on household panel data, and an analysis using a debt dynamics equation derived from the household budget constraint. A regression analysis reveals that household debt growth has been significantly related to house price increases, banks’ lax attitudes toward household lending, and financial institutions’ favorable funding conditions. Also 70–80% of the total debt increase has been accounted for by high income or newly indebted households. The debt dynamics equation analysis shows that the rapid rise in the ratio of household debt to disposable income is attributable not only to the increase in household asset purchases but also to the dampened growth in disposable income and the reduced savings rate. The sustainability analyses indicate that Korean households’ debt sustainability is unlikely to deteriorate sharply within a short period of time unless two extreme scenarios, under which house prices decline by 5% a year over the next five years, or a significantly large macroeconomic shock similar to the 1997 crisis hits the economy, would be realized.     

The global financial crisis: How similar? How different? How costly?

This paper provides a brief analysis of three major questions raised in the context of the recent global financial crisis. First, how similar is the crisis to previous episodes? We argue that the crisis featured some close similarities to earlier ones, including the presence of credit and asset price booms fueled by rapid debt accumulation. Second, how different is it from earlier episodes? We show that, as much as it displayed some similarities with previous cases, it also featured some significant differences, such as the explosion of opaque and complex financial instruments in a context of highly integrated global financial markets. Third, how costly are recessions that followed these types of crises? Although the latest episode took a very heavy toll on the real economy, we argue that this was not a surprising outcome. In particular, historical comparisons indicate that recessions associated with periods of deep financial disruptions result in much larger declines in real economic activity. We discuss the implications of these findings for economic and financial sector policies and future research.