政府审计培训体系设计之我见

政府审计培训是一个由培训参与方、培训程序和培训要素三个方面构成的统一体,其中培训参与方包括培训机构、培训对象和培训师资,培训程序包括需求分析、计划编制、培训实施、培训评估,培训要素包括培训观念、培训目标、培训内容、培训方法、培训管理和培训监控等.只有对审计培训体系中的每一个组成部分实施全面、有效的管理,才能确保审计培训的质量,才能将国家审计人才战略落到实处,保证审计事业的持续发展.     

Is employee training really gender-neutral? Introducing a sex/gender-sensitive model of training

This integrative literature review reflects on the discourse in training theory and practice that employee training is gender-neutral. In a review of 78 multidisciplinary empirical studies from across the world, 90% of studies show that sex/gender impacts the work environment of training participants, their characteristics, interaction with the training design, and/or training outcome. This suggests that a gender-neutral approach to training may not reflect the reality of sex/gender differences; hence, there is a need for reflectivity on the role of sex/gender in training theory and practice to ensure that employee training is inclusive and equitable. This review introduces a sex/gender-sensitive model of training to guide future research and practice, including the recommendation to move beyond decontextualised, binary sex-category based research towards a situated and intersectional understanding of the multiple aspects of sex and gender in training.     

'More is not necessarily better': the relationship between the quantity and quality of training efforts

International comparisons indicate that, on average, Belgian companies spend less on training than their French, German and Dutch counterparts. Encouraging companies to commit to training has consequently been an important policy goal over the last few years. One notable aspect of the policy to encourage training efforts by companies is that the effort is always represented in terms of the resources invested (input), not in terms of the learning achieved (output) or the quality of training programmes (throughput). Government policy is aimed at increasing the level of investment in company training. One of the questions we wish to investigate is whether this input-oriented approach to the training issue is actually effective. Whether companies will succeed in raising human capital to ever-increasing levels may depend not only (and maybe not even chiefly) on the extent of financial investment in training. The investment level does not necessarily determine the quality of the training processes developed by companies. Therefore, this paper focuses on the following research questions: (1) to what extent do companies monitor the systematic development of sufficiently effective training processes? In other words, is qualitative under-investment an issue, alongside financial under-investment? (2) Is the level of financial investment in company training correlated to the quality of training processes? The empirical data confirm that a kind of 'qualitative' under-investment can be reported and that the relationship between the level of investment in training and the quality of the training programmes is weak.     

Is training more frequent when the wage premium is smaller? Evidence from the European Community Household Panel

According to Becker [Becker, G., 1964, Human Capital, NBER, New York], when labour markets are perfectly competitive, general training is paid by the worker, who reaps all the benefits from the investment. Therefore, ceteris paribus, the greater the training wage premium, the greater the investment in general training. Using data from the European Community Household Panel, we compute a proxy of the training wage premium in clusters of homogeneous workers and find that smaller premia induce greater incidence of off-site training, which is likely to impart general skills. Our findings suggest that the Becker model provides insufficient guidance to understand empirical training patterns. Conversely, they are not inconsistent with theories of training in imperfectly competitive labour markets, in which firms may be willing to finance general training if the wage structure is compressed, that is, if the increase in productivity after training is greater than the increase in pay.     

以企业文化为导向的人力资源培训研究

以企业文化为导向的人力资源培训重在发挥企业文化的作用,让企业文化引领战略培训建立以企业文化为导向的人力资源培训体系是一项重要的工作,该体系包括培训需求分析、培训计划制订、培训实施、培训评估四个板块。以企业文化为导向进行人力资源培训,能为培训打下更为坚实的基础,促进培训在人力资源管理中的作用。     

备战2008奥运会中国散打运动员冬训训练效果的评定

通过监测散打运动员身体多项指标评定冬训训练效果。结果显示中国散打队备战2008奥运会运动员冬训基本达到训练效果,说明该训练计划是科学合理的,但训练效果评定中应遵循个性化原则。     

On‐the‐job training: a skill match approach to the determinants of lifelong learning

A recurrent finding in on‐the‐job training research is the ‘training gap’ in formal training: the positive correlation between initial education and continuing training. This finding is here examined from the perspective of two important distinctions: (i) between employee skill supply and job skill demand and (ii) between formal and informal training. Less‐educated workers may hold jobs with low skill requirements demanding little further formal training because the use of high skills is irrelevant, jobs that moreover provide little informal training. Exploring these issues on representative Swedish survey data using the educational mismatch (overqualified, the rightly qualified and the underqualified) model, we find that job requirements are strongly correlated with the incidence of both formal and informal training. Rather than, as has previously been argued, employee training decisions being the cause of the gap, this suggests that employer decisions regarding how to structure jobs and whom to hire are the primary factors behind the training gap.     

高校教师培训探析

高校教师培训是提高高校教师业务素质和实践能力的主要途径,是高校师资队伍建设的主要任务,如何建立合理的培训体系,拓宽培训途径,提高培训效果,激发受训教师的积极性,是每个高校所面临的紧迫任务。     

如何推进军事训练科学发展

军事训练作为军队建设的重要内容和主要实践活动,有其内在客观规律。建国以来我军军事训练之所以取得较好成绩,一个重要经验就是重视认识和把握客观规律。新形势下的军事训练,从内容到方法都发生很大变化,特别是信息化战争的强力牵引,正在引发军事训练领域的革命性变革。新的训练实践要求我们以科学发展观为指导,深入认识并把握信息化条件下军事训练特点规律,实现军事训练指导的与时俱进。     

Trainers' dilemma of choosing between training and promotion

In the work environment, older employees play a significant role in training younger employees. Why do older employees provide this training when they are rivals competing for promotion? Is it because the more training they provide to trainees, the less likely those trainers will be promoted? We show that the fostering of generalists rather than specialists can soften the trainers' dilemma of choosing between training and promotion because the amount of training provided by a trainer decreases that trainer's promotion probability to a greater extent when training specialists than when training generalists. Hence, even if the productivity of the generalist is lower than that of the specialist, the generalist scheme can still lead to a higher level of training and improve a firm's profit and social welfare.     

Managing Workplace Sexual Harassment: The Role of Manager Training

Sexual harassment remains a persistent problem for businesses. Indeed, employers spend millions annually in sexual harassment litigation and liability costs. Furthermore, current U.S. law effectively makes it management's responsibility to implement programs to prevent and correct harassment, or else face heightened liability. A common element of prevention programs is training, especially for employees in positions of authority. Several states have gone so far as to mandate sexual harassment training. However, little research exists to demonstrate the efficacy of such training programs. It is known that training sensitizes people in recognizing harassment. However, no research has indicated that training enables managers to accurately identify harassment and respond appropriately. This exploratory study addresses this issue by examining whether training quantity (i.e., cumulative training hours), training variety (i.e., the number of training methods employed), and training recency (i.e., the elapsed time since training) predict a manager's ability to (a) accurately identify sexual harassment and (b) recommend an appropriate response. Results suggest that, while training increases sensitivity, training is associated with decreased accuracy in identification of sexual harassment. No relationship was found among the predictor variables and manager accuracy in recommending an appropriate response. Implications concerning these results are offered along with directions for future research.     

Perceived training benefits and training bundles: a Canadian study

The purpose of this study is to examine the link between training and the perceived contribution of training to enhanced productivity or cost reduction. Using data from 92 Canadian organizations, the results show that organizations with higher percentage of trained employees are likely to perceive training to be beneficial. In addition, the results indicate that perceived benefits of training are further enhanced by the presence of human resources management practices that either encourages employees to undertake training (the motivation bundle) and/or provides a systematic assessment of post-training effectiveness (the assessment bundle). The evidence however also shows that open climate as measured by autonomous work systems nullifies the benefits of training, suggesting that under such a structure, employees are unlikely to put in practice the skills they acquired during training.     

论南拳拳架与劲力的训练方法

根据南拳运动的特点,结合自己多年的训练经验和具体实践,从理论的角度阐述了南拳的训练方法,强调南拳训练要以拳架为基础,练劲是关键,从实践出发,求真求实,以致用为目的。     

浅析部队油料专业人才培养

培养部队油料专业人才是油料保障能力建设的重要内容。基于保障力生成模式转变,部队油料专业人才培养要在科学树立培养理念、准确聚焦培养对象、科学优化培养模式、积极扩宽培养渠道、健全完善管理机制等方面下功夫、见成效。     

Innovation adoption and training activities in SMEs

This article adopts the resource-based view and the complementarities approach to examine how small and medium enterprises (SMEs) combine the adoption of organisational and technological innovation with investments in training activities. The results of econometric analysis on a panel data-set of about 118 Italian manufacturing SMEs furnish a quite complex picture of the effects of innovation on training. On the one hand, organisational innovation seems to be related to higher investments in (formal and informal) internal training; specifically, it is the adoption of autonomous teams and multi-skilling practices that is associated with the coverage and the intensity of internal training, whereas job rotation is negatively associated with the coverage of external training. On the other hand, the general index of technological innovation does not show any significant relationship with training activities, whereas the individual technological innovation variables are associated with internal training. Specifically, the coverage of internal training is positively affected by ICT innovation and negatively affected by process innovation. These results demonstrate that SMEs have limited awareness of the risks associated with underinvesting in training during the implementation phase of the innovation process. The implications of such findings for research and practice are discussed.     

叉车操作训练环绕式虚拟现实系统关键技术研究

针对传统叉车驾驶员训练存在的成本高、风险大及效率低的缺陷，文中分析了叉车操作训练模拟器的总体构成，研究了车体动力学、转向盘回正系统、紧急避险训练等模拟器关键技术，完成叉车操作训练模拟器研制。实践表明，该系统能满足叉车驾驶员培训的需要，能有效的节约经费，提高培训效率。     

以产学合作教育提升卓越工程师培养水平——以陕西省地方行业特色高校为例

引入产学合作教育模式以提升陕西地方行业特色高校卓越工程师的培养水平,指出产学合作教育是加强教师队伍建设和培养卓越工程师所要求的应用创新型人才的重要途径。在培养卓越工程师过程中,需要通过确定培养目标和规格、构建应用创新型人才培养体系和改革教师培养和使用机制来作为运行保障。     

Training and enterprise performance in transition: evidence from China

The role of training and its impact on company performance is studied in different types of enterprises in a transitional economy. A sample of manufacturing enterprises is drawn, using China as a case study. The findings indicate that training is perceived to be relatively important in non-state-owned enterprises (non-SOEs). Training objectives have three major dimensions, namely enhancing working relationships, tackling skill deficiencies and skills development. SOEs tend to focus more on skill development, while non-SOEs emphasize both enhancing working relationships and skills improvement. Comparing the expectations of training and the perceived achievement of training objectives, the gap is seen to be small within all types of enterprises, and training effectiveness is perceived to be similar. The production function estimation shows that there is a positive relationship between training expenditures and enterprise productivity.     

The effect of subsidizing continuous training investments — Evidence from German establishment data

This paper evaluates the impact of a training voucher program on establishments' investments in further training. The voucher program that was implemented in the German federal state of North Rhine-Westphalia increased training incentives for employees in small and medium-sized establishments by reducing training costs by 50%. The estimation is based on a quasi-experimental research design exploiting variation across time, regions and establishment size. Using establishment data, I find that the share of establishments that invest in training increased by 4–6 percentage points. Training intensity and the educational structure of participants remained unaffected among those establishments investing in training.