信息商品价格决定模型

信息商品价格的合理确定 ,体现了信息商品供求双方的利益 ,不仅能够促进信息商品贸易的发展 ,而且对新技术的开发和迅速推广应用具有积极的作用。在对信息商品买方预期新增利润估算的基础上 ,利用效用理论和经济博弈理论 ,建立信息商品的价格决定模型     

Entry into Export Markets and Product Quality

Using a rich data set of Chilean exporters, we analyse several issues regarding the relationship between entry into export markets and product quality. We find that every year, a large number of new exporting relationships are initiated, but the survival rate of these entries is very low and declines over time. Using unit values as a proxy for product quality, our estimations show that entry is generally associated with higher product quality. This higher quality, however, tends to reduce over time and eventually disappears three years after entry. In addition, our evidence suggests that the positive relationship between entry and quality is more prevalent in new exporters. To better identify this effect, we explore whether there are systematic differences across sectors. As expected, for sectors in which quality differentiation may be important, our findings reveal that reference‐price and differentiated products show a higher price in the year of entry and a longer convergence to incumbent prices. These results hold after controlling for potential sample selection bias.     

Manufacturer Mergers and Product Variety in Vertically Related Markets

We study the incentives of final product manufacturers to introduce new products into the market and the impact of a manufacturer merger on them. We show that when manufacturers distribute their products through multi-product retailers, a manufacturer merger, although it leads to an increase in the wholesale prices, it can enhance product variety. The merger induced product variety enhancement though arises only when vertical relations are present: when manufacturers sell directly their products to consumers, a merger never results in more product variety. Still, both with or without vertical relations, a manufacturer merger hurts consumers and decreases welfare.     

产品市场的竞争性与企业资本结构选择

随着经济全球化的发展,国内外产品市场的竞争越来越激烈。从产品市场竞争性的角度,研究产品市场的竞争性对企业资本结构的影响,结论是:企业资产负债率与其所处的产品市场的竞争程度正相关,且产品市场竞争程度对资产负债率差异的解释力非常显著。     

Integrated Marketing Communications and New Product Performance in International Markets

ABSTRACT

This research probes marketing communications for international product launch. Marketing communications is found to be more visible if the firm is more marketing proficient and the market is more turbulent. The communicated messages are less consistent when the firm is more proficient in marketing and the market is more hostile, but more consistent when the firm is more internationalized and the market is more turbulent. Both visibility and message consistency of marketing communications enhance new product performance. However, greater visibility lowers message consistency, implying that message and media strategies for international product launch need to be carefully formulated and handled.     

Understanding New Religion-Compliant Product Adoption (NRCPA) in Islamic Markets

This study examines the relationships between religious beliefs, brand personality, and new religion-compliant product adoption (NRCPA) in Islamic markets. Findings confirm that religious consumers tend to behave in accordance with a society or group that follows the same beliefs, and that these consumers’ behavior and lifestyle are influenced by similar religious groups and social relationships. In addition, the more religious the consumer, the more likely they will adopt or favour/disfavour a new product in accordance with his/her religious beliefs. Finally, the three constructs–relative advantages, compatibility and complexity–are found to partially mediate the influential relationship between religious beliefs and new religion-compliant product adoption. International firms that target Muslim markets, with an aim to profit and fit in these markets, must take into account the Islamic values, standards and guidelines.     

中国商品期货市场的风险价值模型及其后验分析

本文以中国商品期货市场的3类主要期货价格指数为研究对象,探讨了当期货收益同时存在波动聚集性、非对称杠杆效应以及条件有偏和尖峰胖尾特征状况下的市场风险价值(VaR)计算模型。同时,运用更加严谨和稳健的动态分位数回归(Dynamic quantile regression)检验法,对各类不同波动模型和收益分布假定下的VaR估计精度进行了全面的后验分析(Backtesting)。实证结果发现,中国商品期货市场的价格波动不存在显著的杠杆效应。但是,假定条件收益服从有偏学生分布(Skewed student distribution)的波动率模型具有较好的风险测度精度。     

Competition in Markets and Competition for Markets

This paper builds on a distinction that is sometimes made between competition in a market and competition for a market. Competition for a market refers to the struggle to create a new market, or to erect a new standard, and it is usually associated with the process of innovation that brings new displacing technologies to market. Competition in a market is the conventional view of competition, and concentrates on the actions of incumbents and imitative entrants in well-established markets. The paper reviews some of the issues that competition for markets raises for anti-trust policy makers, and then asks whether competition for a market is a perfect substitute for competition in a market.     

论农村市场的前景

随着“拉动内需”政策的实施,开拓农村市场就一直是热门话题。农村由于20年来的快速发展而使其成为可能的潜在市场,然而,还有很多因素阻碍着农村市场的发展,这需要政府和企业两方面采取措施,而重要的又是企业的努力。     

Promoting Brands through Product Placement in Successful and Unsuccessful Films in Emerging Markets

ABSTRACT

This article examines the nature and role of the product placement in film as an alternative strategy for better brand recall. For this study, four films, two successful and another two un-successful based on box office reports, are selected. Clippings of the films are shown to 119 respondents. The article concludes by arguing product placement in film can be an alternative to advertisements for better brand recall, purchase intentions and changes in perceptions toward the brands as well as improving attitudes toward the brand. It also gives direction on developing the consumer as a brand spokesperson for global brands.     

基于离散选择模型的产品差别市场降价竞争研究

从计量经济学的离散选择模型角度，在消费需求异质性和厂商竞争优势异质性假设下，利用消费产品性能边际效用递减和产品性能边际成本递增的规律，对消费剩余与厂商竞争优势的动态关系以及厂商之间降价竞争的有效性进行定量研究，得出降价竞争失效的原因及降价失效区间大小的定量模型。     

Dumping and Injury Margins in Markets with Horizontal as well as Vertical Product Differentiation

This paper examines the GATT/WTO rules for anti-dumping measures in a duopoly model with both horizontal and vertical product differentiation. The GATT/WTO rules allow for anti-dumping measures if domestic producers, exposed to price discrimination, also demonstrate injury where price-undercutting is an important indicator of the latter. The paper shows that the procedure for calculating injury is flawed due to negligence of quality differences in the calculation of the margin of price-undercutting. This gives countries with high-quality producers an option to practice protectionism. This asymmetry between countries in ability to implement anti-dumping measures predominantly favors the developed countries which are specialized in producing high-quality products. The paper suggests an overall critical look at the lenient rules for implementing anti-dumping measures—especially the rules for injury determination—in order to restrict the use of such measures to a minimum and to move the world economy closer to free trade.     

协同产品商务中的供应商选择问题研究

企业与供应商之间的合作与创意共享可以融合成一种新能力并产生综合效益。如何正确地选择有实力和相容的供应商,是实现良好的供应商关系管理的基础。用一种利用基于案例论证和神经网络技术的智能供应商选择系统来评价和选择供应商,可有效地解决对供应商分析评估的问题     

Understanding Corporate Social Responsibility and Product Perceptions in Consumer Markets: A Cross-cultural Evaluation

The concept of corporate social responsibility is becoming integral to effective corporate brand management. This study adopts a multidimensional and cross-country perspective of the concept and analyses consumer perceptions of behaviour of four leading consumer products manufacturers. Data was collected from consumers in two countries – Spain and the UK. The study analyses consumers’ degree of interest in corporate responsibility and its impact on their perception about the company. The findings here suggest a weak impact of company-specific communication on consumers’ perception. The implications of this study are relevant to companies for strengthening their social responsibility associations with the consumers. Dr. Jaywant Singh is Senior Lecturer at Kingston University, London where he teaches consumer behaviour and international marketing. His research interests include customer loyalty, product variants, new brands, corporate social responsibility, and consumer panel data. He received his PhD in marketing in 2004. Dr. Maria de Mar Garcia de los Salmones is Lecturer at University of Cantabria (Spain). Her current research interests include corporate social responsibility, brand image and consumer behaviour. She received her PhD in business administration in 2002. Dr. Ignacio Rodriguez de Bosque is Professor of Marketing at the University of Cantabria (Spain). His current research interests include Business Communication, relationship marketing and distribution channels. He has published in several international journals such as Tourism, Management, Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services and Industrial Marketing Management.     

On Closeness to the Customer in Industrial Markets

ABSTRACT

Recent years have witnessed a resurgence of academic and practitioner interest in the way companies interact with their customers. While there has been considerable scientific progress in the understanding of market orientation and buyer-seller relationships, limited attention has been given to the concept of closeness to the customer. Specifically, there has been no valid measure of the construct as a whole. This paper reports the development of a valid 28-item measure (called CLOSCUS) for assessing industrial firms' closeness to the customer. The development of the scale is based on a literature review, field interviews as well as statistical analyses of two independent samples from different sides of the buyer-seller dyad. Results indicate that seven factors underlie the 28 items. These are related to product, service, and process quality (two factors), flexibility in dealing with customers (one factor), and the way of interacting with customers (four factors), respectively. Based on the CLOSCUS scale, closeness to the customer is shown to impact on a customer's commitment, trust, and satisfaction. It is also demonstrated that closeness to the customer is both conceptually and empirically distinct from market orientation which contradicts some marketing researchers' prior statements. The paper concludes with some experiences from applications of the scale in a number of German companies.     

On Risk and Return in Asia-Pacific Stock Markets

ABSTRACT

This study evaluates the recent performance of stocks of major industry groups in the Asia-Pacific region. The objective of the study is to guide international investors who are exploring the possibility of investing in this region but are unsure of which specific industries to invest in. Risk-adjusted stock returns (expressed in U.S. dollars) are calculated for each industry group and sub-group in the region. Based on stock performance, recommendations are made for inclusion of specific industries in an Asia-Pacific investment portfolio.     

基于4P营销理论的老年市场营销策略研究

根据联合国老龄化国家的划分标准,早在2000年我国就已步入老龄化国家的队伍,而且速度是相当惊人的。随着我国老年人口数量的迅速增长,老年市场将在众多细分市场中成为一个非常有吸引力的市场。本文试图通过对老年市场容量和老年市场消费特点的分析,结合4P营销理论探讨我国老年市场的营销策略。     

Designing Markets for Developing Countries

This paper highlights what we know from market microstructure and how this should guide the design of equity markets in developing counties. I first consider the basic economic functions of capital markets and of exchanges. I develop more fully the importance of price discovery and liquidity, and how these are affected by the market environment and by characteristics of firms themselves. I then consider the particular implications of this for capital markets in emerging countries. Research has suggested various links between market designs and performance, and I review the implications of these for exchange structure. I conclude with some thoughts on how best to structure markets for newly listing companies.     

On Models of Default Risk

We first discuss some mathematical tools used to compute the intensity of a single jump process, in its canonical filtration. In the second part, we try to clarify the meaning of default and the links between the default time, the asset's filtration, and the intensity of the default time. We finally discuss some examples.