金融市场与经济发展--论发展中国家企业集团的形成机制

企业集团是发展中国家的常见现象.许多学者运用新制度学派的企业理论来解释发展中国家企业集团的形成,将其归为市场不完善的结果.这种一般化的解释忽略了发展中国家企业集团形成的特殊性.发展中国家企业集团是在家族企业的基础上发展起来的.金融市场分割和资本绝对短缺为家族企业向企业集团转化奠定了社会经济基础,工业化发展战略和政府--银行--企业连结关系则直接导致了企业集团的形成.     

从经济史的角度看生产力、生产方式与生产关系之间的关系

生产方式是一个具有独立性的概念,它由生产的技术条件与社会条件构成。由于生产力和生产关系的构成都包含在生产的技术条件与社会条件之中,因此,两者中的任何一方发生变化都会导致生产方式变化,即两者都是生产方式的决定因素。只是因为生产力的技术构成方面在马克思的分析框架中是外生的,才导致了＂生产力-生产方式-生产关系＂这样一个公式。但是,由于生产力社会构成本身是以生产关系的形式表现出来的且是内生于马克思的经济系统的,再用＂生产力-生产方式-生产关系＂这个公式就很牵强了。     

Corporate director liability and monitoring preferences

An important issue in the regulation of corporate behavior is its impact on the monitoring configuration selected by top management. In this article, we provide evidence consistent with the notion that the recent trend toward audit committee formation, and the movement toward Big-Eight auditors, are responses to increased legal exposure of the board of directors, notably stemming from the passage of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977. The costs associated with changes in monitoring configurations are also considered. In particular, it is argued that auditor assistance can substantially reduce the cost of audit committee formation. Because external auditors may have differential incentives to support audit committee formation, a hypothesis linking auditor identity and audit committee formation is offered. Recent auditor changes and audit committee formations of American Stock Exchange companies are examined to provide positive evidence for the theory. The data reveal a clear trend to form audit committees, and a movement to Big-Eight auditors. Underscoring the importance of auditor involvement, it is shown that audit committees were more likely to be formed given recent selection of a new Big-Eight auditor.     

体育教学与运动技能形成规律的研究

任何技术动作的形成都要经过泛化过程、分化过程、巩固过程,最后达到自动化程度。这是体育教学中运动技能形成的四个阶段。这是一个复杂而精细的过程,需要教师和学生付出一定的劳动与智慧。     

统一大市场促进形成强大国内市场的机理与路径——基于交易成本的视角

促进形成强大国内市场是新发展格局下我国经济高质量发展的重大战略部署。建设统一大市场是形成强大国内市场的重要举措,降低交易成本是建设统一大市场促进形成强大国内市场的关键。为此,基于交易成本的视角,分别从促进市场流通、交易环节精简、交易基础制度规则保障与多地域文化认同四个方面剖析建设统一大市场促进形成强大国内市场的机理,进而提出其实现路径：加快建设现代流通体系,促进流通业数字化转型;推进交易平台共享,打造全国统一交易平台;降低制度性交易成本,实现全国产权交易市场互联互通;强化文化认同,形成建设全国统一大市场的共有理念。     

Agenda formation and accounting standards setting: lessons from the standards setters

There are many studies on lobbying of accounting standards, but the technical agenda of regulators is taken as ‘given’ and why a particular topic was admitted to the agenda is not investigated. Agenda formation is important as control of the agenda determines which topics get regulated and the form of the regulatory response. A few studies have explored agenda formation across regulatory institutions but are largely silent on the role of individual decision makers and technical staff. However, the standards setters have sought to explain their agenda processes. This paper reviews statements by the members of accounting standards setting agencies about their experiences of agenda formation. It identifies insights gained from standard setters and makes some suggestions for future research.     

Investor structure and the informational efficiency of commodity futures prices

This article investigates the impact of the trading positions of hedgers (i.e., producers, merchants, processors, or users of a commodity), speculators (i.e., commodity pool operators, trading advisors, or hedge funds), and swap dealers on the price formation process in the agricultural, metal, and energy futures markets. The hedgers' relative positions exert negative impacts on price efficiency in commodity futures markets. Hedgers are less likely to be information motivated, so their trading delays the price formation process. However, speculators' positions have positive impacts on price efficiency because speculators correct pricing errors. This study also offers evidence that the role of swap dealers, similar to speculators in futures markets, is to provide liquidity and cross-market arbitrage. These findings highlight the role of producers, hedge funds, and swap dealers in price formation processes in commodity futures—information that is beneficial to academics, practitioners, and regulators.     

股市波动影响下我国金融发展与经济增长的实证研究

摘要：金融发展理论表明,金融发展能促进资本形成,进而推动经济增长。在我国股市波动的作用影响下．我国金融发展其促进资本形成的功能是否会发生变化？会发生哪些变化？本文利用标准实证增长模型．对我国金融发展和经济增长的关系进行了基于股市波动条件下的实证分析。文章发现：正常的股市波动更有利-y-~．融发展,促进投资,推动经济增长;而受到金融危机冲击下的股市波动则往往会显著的限制金融发展的资本形成。使经济发展遭受损失。     

Board risk committees: Insurer financial strength ratings and performance

We hypothesize and find that the existence of a board risk committee is positively related to A.M. Best’s Financial Strength Ratings, a measure widely used in the insurance industry to assess financial health. Using a sample of insurance firms from 2007 to 2013, we measure the impact of board risk committees on financial strength ratings and performance after controlling for various factors such as corporate governance characteristics. We find that firms with board risk committees report higher financial strength ratings, but only in the post-financial crisis period. Also, the formation of a board risk committee is positively associated with an increase in financial strength ratings from the year prior to committee formation to the year after committee formation. Further, we find that the presence of a board risk committee is not related to short-run firm performance benefits and that it takes five years for the presence of a board risk committee to be associated with future performance. Overall, our results provide evidence suggesting board risk committees are effective and beneficial from the standpoint of rating agencies and long-term financial performance.     

Risk preferences in multi-period consumption models, the equity premium puzzle, and habit formation utility

The relationship between the relative risk aversion measure for the utility function for consumption and that for the value function for wealth is a derived relationship whose properties depend on how consumption and wealth are defined and measured. This fact together with information concerning estimates for these two relative risk aversion measures is used to give another perspective on the equity premium puzzle, and to explain why it is that the habit formation utility function is effective in eliminating that puzzle. A time separable utility function that can serve as an alternative to the assumption of habit formation is also presented.     

商业银行履行社会责任的压力机制与透明度建设

商业银行基于追求利润最大化和迫于各种压力履行社会责任,而信息透明度对商业银行社会责任压力机制的形成具有重要影响.通过博弈分析发现,从商业银行自身和信息相关者两个方面来提高商业银行社会责任信息透明度,有利于社会责任压力机制的形成,会最终促使商业银行履行社会责任.但信息透明度的提高有赖于商业银行定期发布独立的社会责任报告和...     

金融改革：“转型”与“定型”的现状与未来

经济改革和经济转型是一个极其复杂的社会进程,在这个进程中,不断地改变与逐步的确立是两个紧密相联的方面。中国近30年的改革开放无疑属于转型的前期阶段,但目前确立的重要性已开始显现。为加快金融转型进而推进新型式的确立,金融改革需要进一步研究和深化的方面还有很多,本文提出了四个方面21个问题。当这些问题的改革有了实质性的推进之后,一个新的金融体系和运行机制便会建立起来,金融体制改革也将从转型为主导转变为以定型为主要内容的新阶段。     

Endogenous networks in investment syndication

As an effective investment strategy, investors often invest jointly in a company by forming a syndicate. The unique feature of this paper is that it endogenizes the formation of an investment syndicate. We provide a theory on the endogenous formation of networks in investment syndication and analyze how several key factors such as risk aversion, productivity, risk and cost affect incentive and syndicated investment. We also apply the theory to venture capital investment and identify empirical evidence in support of it.     

解决"三农"问题的主线是资本形成

基于经济学关于资本形成与经济发展的理论,本文通过对中国农业资本投入进行实证分析,认为求解"三农"问题的主线是创新农业资本形成机制,加速农业资本形成.唯如此,新的、生产力更高的技术才可能在农业领域得到广泛的应用,农业综合生产能力才可能得以提高,"三农"问题才能得到根本性的解决.     

Diagnostic Expectations and Credit Cycles

We present a model of credit cycles arising from diagnostic expectations—a belief formation mechanism based on Kahneman and Tversky's representativeness heuristic. Diagnostic expectations overweight future outcomes that become more likely in light of incoming data. The expectations formation rule is forward looking and depends on the underlying stochastic process, and thus is immune to the Lucas critique. Diagnostic expectations reconcile extrapolation and neglect of risk in a unified framework. In our model, credit spreads are excessively volatile, overreact to news, and are subject to predictable reversals. These dynamics can account for several features of credit cycles and macroeconomic volatility.     

A present value test of habits and the current account

Forecasts derived from standard intertemporal current account (ICA) models generally fail to match the volatility of actual current accounts. This paper offers a solution to the “excess volatility” problem of standard ICA models by incorporating consumption habits into the standard model. The model, as developed in the paper, shows that significant habit formation implies increased current account volatility, as sluggishness is introduced into the consumption adjustment process that follows income shocks. A theory-consistent measure of the degree of habit formation is estimated using GMM. The estimated habit parameter is found to be statistically significant in six of eight quarterly samples.     

Note on the behavior of residual security returns for winner and loser portfolios

Portfolios are formed directly and exclusively upon residual return behavior in the months prior to portfolio formation. The empirical behavior of residual return in the post-formation period is then examined. Based upon the overall time period studied (1932 through 1977), the average residual return is essentially zero in the months subsequent to the portfolio formation. However, systematic (i.e., non-zero) residual behavior is observed in particular years. Moreover, the results suggest the possibility that ‘abnormal’ returns observed after certain events (e.g., earnings announcements) may at least in part reflect more general phenomena associated with being ‘winners’ and ‘losers’ in terms of residual returns in the months previous to the event.     

Revisiting asset pricing under habit formation in an overlapping-generations economy

By incorporating habit formation into an overlapping-generations economy, we show that the middle-aged consumers’ savings decision has a substantial impact on the equity premium. The higher incentive for savings for the middle-aged, resulting from the habit formation preference, causes an even higher demand for bonds and a lower demand for equity, which eventually generates a lower risk-free rate and a higher required return for holding equity than does the framework of non-habit forming models. Calibration results verify that the habit formation setting, together with an OLG framework is capable of yielding lower bond returns and higher equity returns than the standard CRRA utility models, and the borrowing constraint imposed on the young-aged consumers amplifies the positive effect of habit formation on the equity premium. The findings imply that habit formation preferences within the overlapping-generations framework under the borrowing-constrained economy can provide a more improved explanation of the equity premium puzzle.     

Vertragsschluß und Probleme des Internationalen Privatrechts beim E-Commerce

The use of the internet has developed significantly in recent years and has created new opportunities for the insurance sector. The virtual nature of the internet supports an effective medium for the sale of insurance products. An internet presence is a key part of an effective marketing and distribution strategy for every insurance company; despite uncertainties concerning expansion into an eletronic market, such strategies remain indispensable. The legal system is continuing to adapt to the ?intangible“ and borderless nature of e-commerce; clearly there remain problematic areas and issues which have yet to be adequately addressed. The article deals with essential questions related to the formation and the implementation of insurance contracts via the internet and focuses on still existing obstacles to the formation of the contract and possible solutions through the implementation of european directives. In this context, the digital signature plays a significant role. Furthermore, questions regarding the applicable law in the formation of contracts with international character will be addressed. In the light of the expansion of internet use and its facilitation of cross border contracts, consumer protection becomes more difficult. Efficient supervision and control of insurance providers that are located in other countries and offer insurance products on the internet is difficult to regulate.     

The impact of sentiment on price discovery

We study how investor sentiment affects the speed with which prices reflect information. Price discovery is more timely for firms with greater sensitivity to sentiment, as measured by a sentiment beta. Our research improves our understanding of the price formation process when sentiment is not assumed to be constant. Our research design is novel as it considers a sentiment beta as well as economy‐wide sentiment. This provides more comprehensive evidence on the impact of differing types of sentiment on the price formation process.